Nemakemikari Zvidzidzo nzira: tsananguro, zvinhu uye zvabuda. Nemakemikari genetics nzira

Nemakemikari nzira - nzira chikuru nemakemikari omuviri huru nzira nechirwere zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana kuti anokonzera metabolic nyonganyonga. Zviri nzira iyi ongororo ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

chirwere zvivako

Vanovengwa nokukanganisika chirwere kuongorora zviri:

• ropa;
• weti;
• ziya uye zvimwe zvinwiwa muviri;
• jira;
• masero.

Nemakemikari tsvakurudzo nzira anobvumira kuziva enzayemu basa, zviri zvibereko muviri munzira dzakasiyana-muviri zvinwiwa, uyewo kuona kutyorwa ari muviri, izvo rakabva kuvabereki.

nyaya

Open nokukanganisika nzira A. Chirungu chiremba Garrod mukuvamba ramakumi remakore. Akadzidza homogentisuria, uye kosi yacho yokudzidza, vakasvika kuva vachiberekwa metabolic kana metabolic chirwere zvinogona kuzivikanwa maererano nokushayikwa dzakananga makemikari.

zvirwere Various nhaka zvinokonzerwa kunotouraya mu magene kuti kuchinja nemamiriro uye mwero mapuroteni usage pamuviri. Izvi anetseka carbohydrate, mapuroteni uye lipid muviri.

chikuru

Kuti kudzidza makemikari anoumba kurapwa nechirwere pakati zvoutachiona zvinhu uye akamendwa sezvo kunogona kuitika munguva zvokurwara iri wevasungwa shanduko, kusavapo yenhengo kana vakutarisire pakuonekwa mamwe zvinoriumba. For nokukanganisika Kuongororwa vakatsunga uwandu zvimwe zvinhu, hormone nomwero, makemikari.

Kuongororwa mamorekuru, mapuroteni, nucleic acids nezvimwe zvinhu izvo chikamu chipenyu muviri.

zvabuda

Kunobva nokukanganisika tsvakurudzo nzira inogona rakakamurwa Qualitative (kuwana kana kuwanikwa) uye quantitative (sei zviri pfuma iri biomaterial).

The Qualitative nzira dziri vakashandisa zvivako yo nefuma kushandiswa, ayo anowanikwa apo vamwe namakemikari kunechekuita (pasi kudziyisa, kuwedzera reagents).

nzira Direct quantitative kuferefeta anobva ichocho, asi kutanga kuziva vasabatwa ane pfuma, uye ipapo uyere ayo yevasungwa.

Makemikari, nevamiririri zviri muviri vashomashoma zvakawanda, saka avo kugutsikana kunoonekwa pachishandiswa zvoutachiona bvunzo zvinhu (semuenzaniso, muviri wose kana munhu experimental mhuka). Izvi zvichawedzera nehanya uye specificity zvidzidzo.

nhoroondo shanduka

Nemakemikari nzira akavandudzika kuti rakarurama kupfuura zvabuda uye ruzivo pamusoro mamiriro metabolic pezvakaitwa mumuviri, kuti metabolic pezvakaitwa mu zvakananga nhengo uye masero. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvoutachiona chirwere nzira kubatanidzwa nemamwe tsvakurudzo mitoo yakadai masoja, histological, cytological, uye vamwe. Kushandisa nzira yakagozha kana nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa chinokosha michina.

Pane imwe nhungamiro nokukanganisika nzira, iyo haakonzeri chikumbiro kunotoda kurapwa nechirwere. With kukura uye kushandisa zvikuru nokukurumidza uye itsanangudzo nzira dzinogona kubvumira maminitsi mashoma kuona inodiwa tinyatsonzwisisa nokukanganisika parameters.

Mazuvano rabhoritari vakagadzirira pamwe azvino midziyo mazhinji zvemaziso uye otomatiki hurongwa namano (analyzers) inokubvumirai kuona nhamba zvakakodzera nokukurumidza uye zvakarurama.

Nemakemikari kudzidza nzira: Method

Kuyerwa imwe pfuma iri zvinhu zvipenyu zvinwiwa kwavo nokutsunga akaita zvakasiyana nenzira dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kuti kutsanangura nechiidzo sezvo remafuta akawandisa esterase kungava mazana zvokusarudza kuti nokukanganisika tsvakurudzo nzira. Kusarudza magadzirirwo hunoenderana yezvakaita kudzidza chaivo zvinwiwa.

Nemakemikari Zvidzidzo nzira inoshandiswa kuona rimwe fuma kana chakarurama singly uye mune simba. chakarurama Izvi achiongorora pane imwe nguva zuva, pasi zvakananga mutoro, ari hosha kwacho, kana kugamuchira pasina mishonga.

Zvakakurukurwa nzira

Features nokukanganisika nzira:

• shoma chitsama biomaterial;
• kumhanya ari kuongorora;
• pangava kushandiswa kakawanda nzira;
• kururama;
• nemakemikari nzira inogona kushandiswa muupenyu hosha;
• kutora mushonga hazvina chokuita kudzidza zvabuda.

Nemakemikari nzira genetics

In genetics, kupfuura inowanzoshandiswa nzira cytogenetic zvidzidzo. Kunoitawo kuti kudzidza muudzame nemamiriro chromosome uye karyotype. With nzira iyi zvinokwanisika kuziva uye monogenic nenhaka zvirwere dzinosanganisira kunotouraya uye polymorphisms majini vavo ezvirevo.

Nemakemikari genetics nzira zvino zvaishandiswa zvikuru kuwana zvitsva siyana mutant alleles vari DNA. Pachishandiswa nzira iyi akaziviswa uye vakarondedzera anopfuura 1000 iyi metabolic zvirwere. Vazhinji zvirwere vanorondedzerwa - hurwere dzinoitwa kuremara mune makemikari uye dzimwe STRUCTURAL nemapurotini.

Chirwere kuti metabolic zvirwere nenzira nokukanganisika nzira iri kuitwa mumatanho maviri.

Danho rokutanga:

• Anosarudza vanofungidzirwa zviitiko.

Wechipiri Danho:

• rakanatswa chirwere chirwere rakanyatsorurama uye zvakaoma muitiro.

Vana vacheche vari pamuviri nguva achibatsirwa nokukanganisika nzira akaita chirwere nhaka zvirwere kuti kunovimbisa mangwanani kuziva miedzo zvokurwara uye kutanga kurapwa nenguva.

mhando nzira

Nemakemikari genetics chidobi anogona kuva marudzi mazhinji. Vose vari mapoka mapoka maviri:

1. Nemakemikari nzira, izvo kwakavakirwa kuonekwa zvimwe zvinogadzirwa nemakemikari. Izvi imhaka kuchinja zviito alleles siyana.
2. Nzira, iyo inobva chokwadi kuti zvakananga kuona zvakachinjwa nucleic acids uye mapuroteni kubudikidza gel electrophoresis akabatana nevamwe nzira dzakadai Southern achasvibiswa hybridization, autoradiography.

Nemakemikari nzira kunobatsira kuziva heterozygous vatakuri zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Mutational pezvakaitwa mumuviri womunhu zvinotungamirira chimiro alleles uye chromosomal rearrangements, izvo zvakaipa kuti utano hwevanhu.

Nemakemikari chirwere nzira vanogona kuzviona polymorphisms siyana naGene kunotouraya. Improvement pakati nokukanganisika nzira uye nokukanganisika chirwere nguva yedu zvinobatsira kuziva uye kuzosimbisa zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana kusagadzikana metabolic pezvakaitwa muviri.

Nyaya iyi akaongororwa nevanhu nokukanganisika kuongorora.