Nhoroondo yakasvibiswa magirazi muRussia uye munyika. Unyanzvi kuita Stained negirazi

Shoko "yakasvibiswa girazi" rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin sezvo "girazi". Iye anonzi imwe yenzvimbo yakanatswa uye anokosha mhando uri, mupfumi munhau uye mashandiro ayo unyanzvi. A nhoroondo yezviri kwakabva yakasvibiswa negirazi achakuudza vaverengi munyaya.

Background pamusoro Stained negirazi

Mudzidzisi, achiudza nyaya Stained negirazi vana mukirasi, tanga zvinokonzera kwayakatangira. The chidzoke wokutanga dzomunyika chokuita zvakawanda. Yakanga, uye vakatanga kubereka girazi. Nokufamba kwenguva, ndakadzidza kuti mavara uye rinoshandiswa vashongedze zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. netsika nechimwe akanga yazvo chaiyo kushandisa magirazi dzakadaro:

• SevaSumer yakashongedzwa matenga mutemberi dzavo.
• VaEgipita zononoka ronda magirazi akaita kwazviri midziyo chitsvuku.
• The Romans nevaGiriki vaiva vanachiremba kweShanduro zvenhaka tumabhodhoro netumidziyo nemikombe vane decoration mifananidzo uye mijenya zvishongo.

Zvavakawana zvose izvi ndeyemunguva pakutanga mumireniyamu yechipiri BC. Chete pashure pemakore chiuru vaSiriya vakadzidza kuridza girazi, uye ichi chamuita kuti nhoroondo Stained magirazi kukura.

Pakuonekwa rokutanga Stained girazi

Munhoroondo chitarisiko yakasvibiswa regirazi haana segwapa musi chaiwo waakaberekwa. Asi tinoziva kuti pane yechikristu akava wokutanga kushandisa girazi ruvara nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi nyore mifananidzo. It pamwe putty akatasva puranga kana mahwindo yakashongedzwa. Uye pamwechete veMubatanidzwa temberi pakukura kwavo rokutanga vakapiwa Byzantine Stained rinoonekera. Laudatory nhetembo uye kurondedzerwa magirazi nziyo dzakakurumbira vadetembi wechina kana remakore rechishanu. Panguva iyoyo, akasvibiswa magirazi zvakabatanidzwa naMwari kukosha, uye chiedza achipfuura wavo zvichienzaniswa mutsvene.

History of budiriro

Zvinosuruvarisa nguva yedu uye haana kusvika rechigumi remakore yakasvibiswa magirazi mahwindo pamusoro yose mamiriro. Vanogona kutongwa kubva dzasara zvimedu uye akarekodhwa vadetembi. Asi munguva yemberi ounyanzvi mhando iyi rave kupararira uye kukura nokuda nyika dzose. Ngatikurukurei nyaya kwakabva yakasvibiswa-magirazi mahwindo, shanduko zvitaera uye michina ose panguva.

Romanesque Stained girazi

Nyaya yakasvibiswa girazi rinotitaurira kuti dzorudo yakabuda regumi remakore uye vachiri kushanda zana. Vakava wokutanga chaiwo yakasvibiswa-magirazi mahwindo, umo mufananidzo yakaumbwa kubva zvidimbu regirazi mavara uye nhoroondo yomunhu ari simbi.

Features Romanesque Stained muchionioni

• nezvaaigona navo, kwete vose kudhura, sezvo utsotso uye girazi ichivhuvhuta unyanzvi zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo uye nguva unoparadza;
• paiva vanatenzi nokuda zvokuvakisa ose dzakatetepa magirazi machira uye vanachiremba zvakananga kuswedera mapatani rakawedzera madzidziro Romanesque yakasvibiswa-magirazi mahwindo;
• nokuti kubudisa rimwe paneeli akatora anopfuura zana dzakasiyana zvidimbu nomumwe ane chimiro uye ruvara;
• Stained Girazi iyi vanoonekwa ne urema akadai blistering, gogonera, abrasions, asi izvi hazviiti akapamba nechitarisiko chavo, uye anoita kuti anokosha uye yakanaka yazvo nenzira.

Machinery mukugadzira Romanesque Stained muchionioni

• kutanga tenzi akatora yematanda pamusoro, uye wake nhamba sezviri Paaidzidzisa yake ramangwana;
• ipapo mumwe chinhu muenzaniso vakasarudzwa masiraidhi (chimiro uye kukura);
• Zvidimbu vakanga aishanda kuti kupenda pendi pashure vanogumurwa muvira kusimbisa mumutoo achida mhando;
• mosaicking yakaitika mumufananidzo yose achishandisa yakamanikana casements mutobvu;
• sezvo mahwindo mumazuva iwayo zvaiva guru (metres anenge matanhatu), nokuti simba guru uye kutsiga ane sezvamunoita hombe Kunoumbwa anoverengeka ukomba zviduku.

Ounyanzvi pamusoro Romanesque yaitonga:

• Kristu musoro Veyssemburgskogo Abbey nharaunda yeAlsace;
• mumwe Zvinoumba mana Old Testament vaprofita vari Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Kukwidzwa waKristu" iri Augsburg Cathedral;
• "The Kurovererwa uye Kumutswa 'pamusoro mahwindo ari Cathedral iri Poitiers;
• matatu yakasvibiswa-regirazi hwindo Holy Trinity ari Cathedral iri Chartres.

Gothic Stained girazi

Nhoroondo yakasvibiswa girazi (Gothic) ine yakatangira 1144. Abbot Segiyo paivakwa wekereke iri Saint-Denis, akazadzwa vanoverengeka wehunyambiri hwindo medallions. Musiyano mukuru kubva Romanesque werudzii murwiyo ndechokuti neimwe medallion zvinoratidza rinokosha nguva munhau.

Zvinoumba Gothic yakasvibiswa-magirazi mahwindo:

• mu machechi vakatanga kuwedzera nhamba mahwindo zvanyoreswa zviri Gothic Style;
• akitekicha iyi angotanga mukurumbira uye yakazokudziridzwa muEngland uye France;
• Stained girazi kokupedzisira akapa temberi worufu, chokuita zvakaipa, uye panguva imwe chete kunamata kukuru, akanyudzwa mukati yakawanda chiedza; reshiyo uyu akanga akakwana uye vakatakura rakavanzika zvaanoreva;
• pakupedzisira zvine mavara matsvuku uye zvitema vari zvishoma kutsiviwa kupenya, kuti iitirwe napo chiedza;
• achinja uye mhando hwindo mawindo;
• France tega mutsva kwenzira kuti kunyatsotsanangura - grisaille, ane chaizvoizvo riri pakuti chiedza, unopenya Stained magirazi Vakaisa murima kura dzoga, uchivaudza abatidza; pamusoro nguva, nhamba unyanzvi zvidavado ichi chakava kunyange zvakawanda.

Yakakurumbira Stained magirazi mahwindo, yakaitwa chaiwo Gothic manyorerwo, iri Cathedral iri Chartres. Kuti zviri nyore kuti kuronda kuwirirana pakati mi- mahwindo, kwakakwidibira mapurani uye zvokunyaradza nzvimbo pfungwa. The chekubuda vakawanda mwaranzi murima, uye rima anopa zvinoshamisa uye zvinonakidza Chaizvoizvo - ndiko kunaka Gothic. Uye church kune peculiarity iyo gare gare dzakapararira munyika - ari hwindo iri Latin pamuchinjikwa muenzaniso. Vakapa upenyu Mhandara. Uye mahwindo, nezvigadziko chinoratidza Kristu uye neMhandara Maria.

Stained girazi nemahwindo of Renaissance

A chinozunguzirwa mutsva netsika, kusanganisira mapurani, vakakuvadza zviitiko zvakadai inotyisa sezvo hondo uye denda. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, vanhu vakarega kuisa chechi pakutanga uye akaenda rokunyika mararamiro. Zvinonzi chaizvo kuchinjwa pakuzadzisa Stained rinoonekera.

Features yakasvibiswa-regirazi nemahwindo of Renaissance:

• boka kwakavandudzwa nzira kushanda girazi;
• raiva nokugadzirwa yesirivha aizonyatsovachenesa, yekudyidzana zvakawedzera pachiyero vanowanika mifananidzo;
• mavara anechekuita zvakananga girazi, zvinokwanisika kuwana-siyana kujairika noruvara;
• mifananidzo tarisa zvakawanda voluminous uye yakajeka;
• France uye Italy ndiyo huru nzvimbo kuti pagadzirwe mahwindo yakasvibiswa-magirazi;
• yakakurumbira medallions, kwete kupfuura makumi masendimita, vava zviratidzo yaitonga.

Mienzaniso Renaissance yakasvibiswa:

• hwindo Florence Cathedral kubudikidza vanatenzi Italian;
• Mahwindo yemamongi Kenigsfeldene;
• Stained-girazi mahwindo mukati chapero Besserer muna Ulm Minster.

Stained High Renaissance

Kusvikira nemitanhatu remakore Stained regirazi tenzi neve dzekare zano kusvikira paiva vatenzi akadai Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo. Vaiva simba guru tsika nyika, kusanganisira nhoroondo art yakasvibiswa negirazi muRussia.

Features yakasvibiswa-regirazi nemahwindo of High Renaissance:

• sezvo vakawanda watenzi yakasvibiswa girazi vaiva vokuItaly, uye vakava nevanyori nemiitiro itsva;
• uri pamusoro ichikosha unobatanidzwa ari realism yeEuropean zvinhu yokushongedzwa uye kura siyana;
• It yakazokudziridzwa mutsva regirazi kubudiswa michina, kuita zvakawanda yakajeka uye yakajeka;
• kunze sirivha, uye akazogadzira tsvuku etchant;
• Tenzi akatanga vanosarudza ruvara zano, uye regai kukanganisa chimiro uye zvifananidzo utere;
• mawindo ari mahwindo wakashamira kunyange zvakawanda uye ukasvika yakakura zvikuru.

Muenzaniso yakasvibiswa-regirazi nemahwindo of High Renaissance:

• "Muti waJese" iri Beauvais;
• mahwindo hombe pamusoro Cathedral kweBrussels;
• "Makatodzinga Heliodorus kubva mutemberi" iri Cathedral iri Gouda.

Remakore nemitanhatu anonzi rokupedzisira ari mukuru Stained magirazi muMiddle Ages. Uyezve, kugadzirwa regirazi michina uye mufanidzo mapatani vava nokukurumidza chaizvo mberi. Remakore rechimakumi maviri aiva simba guru pamusoro nzira mazano yakasvibiswa.

History of kuonekwa Stained negirazi muRussia

Russian yakasvibiswa girazi haana kurarama kusvikira rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore. Chete vanhu vakapfuma vanogona kubva kunze ounyanzvi. The ndechokuti machechi omunharaunda uye machechi haana kuiswawo Stained magirazi, uye tsika yose kwete anoda chimiro ichi ounyanzvi. Vakaonekwa uye pakarepo akawana mukurumbira kuburikidza nemabasa vatenzi European.

Nhoroondo Stained negirazi muRussia:

• XVII remakore - wokutanga nechitarisiko Stained magirazi;
• XVIII remakore - the kurega kunotanga kukura asiri profitability;
• pakutanga XIX remakore - zvishoma nezvishoma kupinda mifananidzo yakagadzirwa mavara negirazi, mune Russian mutsika;
• pakati pezana XIX remakore - zvinoshingaira kushandiswa yakasvibiswa magirazi; Emperor nevamwe vanhu vakapfuma vava European fashoni uye akatanga kushandisa kuti vashongedze matunhu yavo; vakanga yakasvibiswa uye machechi;
• kuguma XIX remakore - akavaka okudhindira akawanda nounyanzvi, uyewo kupenda uye chikoro makirasi;
• yokutanga yezana XX remakore - yakasvibiswa regirazi uri akatanga kuramba nokuda kutsakatika Art Nouveau, uye gare gare nemhaka nokutambudzika Second World War;
• pakati pezana XX remakore - Stained girazi kumutsidzirwa tsika Soviet, achava rakasiyana nemamwe chigadzirwa, rakasiyana kwokutanga mifananidzo aro mavambo uye unoreva zvakawanda.

Famous Russian Stained magirazi mahwindo:

• Stained girazi kushongedzwa St. Alexander Nevsky Church;
• Chapel muna Tsarskoye tiiviste;
• The Russian Geographical Society muSt Petersburg;
• "Kukwidzwa waKristu" Cathedral St. kwaIsaka.

Stained Glass: Dzekare Nedzazvino

Zvatakurukura nhoroondo rutivi kwemarudzi yakasvibiswa mu eras siyana, ndaifarira kutarisa panguva unyanzvi. Stained girazi nemahwindo nguva yedu ikoko kuti ape mukamuri inokosha glamour uye manyorerwo. A yakawanda girazi rokuita unyanzvi, budiriro zvakagadzirwa uye fashoni vava kiyi nguva yacho kwaita itsva siyana art.

Mhando ano Stained muchionioni

• Sandblast yakasvibiswa - regirazi sezvamunoita, aita nenyunje unyanzvi uye akabatanidza ekuteerera zvakafanana dingindira. Made yose pamusoro, kazhinji mune imwe ruvara.
• WaMosesi Stained girazi - rinoumbwa tudonhwe pamusoro zvakaenzana, akafanana waMosesi. Zvingava mabviro kana nechekumberi mufananidzo.
• Inlaid Stained girazi - mufananidzo ndimubvise munhu zvidimbu regirazi achida chimiro uye ruvara, kazhinji pasina chinhu kuwedzererwa.
• Akakonzera kubatana kwe - girazi, iyo murwiyo inounganidzwa, vari sintered nemumwe panzvimbo agamuchirwa. Kunyange ichi mhando zvinosanganisira vpekanie vamwe yokumwe okunze ari mufananidzo wokupedzisira.
• Priming Stained - rinoumbwa regirazi zvemapuranga aine gandiwa mufananidzo agamuchirwa. Zvose izere anokosha pendi kana varnish.
• Chinopinda yakasvibiswa - kuva ekuverengesa kugadzirwa pachishandiswa etching michina uye interconnected chete nechinangwa.
• Pokunamatidza Stained girazi - rinoumbwa girazi mavara wakaiswa ari kutungamirira pepuranga uye rakanamwa panguva mapfundo. Dangwe chidobi, iyo yakasvika kunyange kubva Middle Ages.
• Kunowanikwa yakasvibiswa - yaungana kushandisa girazi, pamwe kunobatanidza zviri kare kubviswa. Munogonawo - ndiko kushandiswa pasi yakabwinyiswa rinoonekera.
• Combined Stained girazi - sezvamunoita, panguva imwe chete pakusanganisirawo mhando vanoverengeka yakasvibiswa negirazi. nzira iyi kunobatsira kuti vawane zvinoshamisa zvabuda, kuti zvechokwadi yapakuvamba ounyanzvi.

Tiffany Stained Glass

Lewis Tiffany aiva muvambi yake manyorerwo uye unyanzvi rakasikwa Stained negirazi, rwakazokura nevakawanda munyika yose. Iye nguva refu chaizvo kushanda kusarudzwa zvinhu, uye Chikurukuru - on nzira kugadzirisa girazi, sezvo Ages nzira yayo havana wakanyatsokodzera. Chii chakaitika ari kwemabasa izvi, pakukurirwa pokunamatidza Stained magirazi zvachose. Saka chii chakasiyana pamusoro unyanzvi ichi kubva vamwe uye sei munhoroondo Tiffany yakasvibiswa magirazi mahwindo ndezvimwe zvezvisarudzo nomukurumbira, kunyatsotarisisa.

Features Tiffany-Style:

1. Color. Kupenya kwagara rinokosha chaizvo yokuona nayo Lyuisa Tiffani kana kushanda yakasvibiswa negirazi. Akaedza kuita chaizvo kupfuma uye mavambo mukushandisa mavara. Dzimwe nguva tenzi dzakadaro mavara, uye dzimwe nguva akaisa rimwe (kana kunyange dzakawanda) Girazi pamusoro mumwe.
2. Material. Quality - ndicho pakuva fanira Data yakasvibiswa rinoonekera. Asati atanga kuti yakasvibiswa girazi anogara vakapfuura kuongorora, vanofanira kuva isina kuremara uye rekuchikoro unaku.
3. Realism. mabasa tenzi akanga akaoma zvakadaro, kunzwisisa, azere mashoko uye mavara kuti kazhinji zvichienzaniswa kupenda.
4. Technology. Connection pakati girazi chakaitika kuburikidza yemhangura zviuno. Sezvo akanga yakakura kupfuura girazi racho, tepi akanga akapeta pamusoro kumucheto, panguva necheparutivi pamusoro mapfumbamwe inegumi. Finished zvinhu zviri interconnected uye rinoshandisirwa gaba patina.
5. The kudhura. basa kwakadaro inodhura kwazvo, uye unogona chete kuwanikwa mudzimba akaunganidzwa, Britain neAmerica mamiziyamu uye machechi.

Nguva pfupi asati afa, Lewis (1933), kambani yake akavharwa, asi achiri Tiffany unyanzvi anoonekwa kuti mumwe zvakanakisisa, uye basa - munhu rounyanzvi ounyanzvi.