Nyaya idealism pamusoro Berkeley uye Hume

Pakati dzakawanda hurongwa ouzivi kuti vanoziva ndiro rine chokwadi zvomudzimu musimboti munyika zvinhu zvokunyama, vashoma aunonyanya dzidziso John. Berkeley uye David Hume, iro rinogona zvishoma se kuzviitira idealism. The prerequisites kuti zvavaifunga zvakanga zvakanyorwa Ages scholastics-nominalists vavo vatsivi - akadai conceptualism, John Locke, anoti zvakafanana - ndiyo zvinovhiringidza mupfungwa kuti kazhinji nekorasi zviratidzo zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Pachishandiswa nzvimbo John Locke, Chirungu bhishopu uye muzivi George. Berkeley akavapa dudziro yadzo yepakutanga. Kana varipo chete vakapararira, kwadzo zvinhu, uye chete vanhu pfungwa, uchibata nekorasi kuri mune dzimwe zvivako izvi, rinotaura zvinhu zviri muboka uye anoshevedza boka nechinhu mashoko, zvinganzi vakafunga kuti hapana husingaoneki pfungwa, kwete kunobva ehupfumi uye unhu zvinhu pachavo. Ndiko, hatigoni kufungidzira munhu chaihwoihwo, asi kufunga "murume," tinofunga imwe nzira. Saka, kuwedzera kuziva kwedu abstraction ndisina kuvapo kwavo, ivo vanowanika chete uropi hwedu basa. Izvi kuzviitira idealism.

In basa rake "On the Principles of Human Knowledge" anofunga formulates pfungwa yaro inokosha: "huvepo" - zvinoreva "kuonekwa." Tinoona chinhu yedu pfungwa, asi zvinoreva kuti chinhu chiri akafanana nemanzwiro edu (uye pfungwa) nezvazvo? J. kuzviitira idealism. Berkeley anoti takasvinura isu "vatevedzere" chinangwa maonero edu. Zvino zvinoitika, kana nyaya haafungi kuzvizivawo chinhu, hakuna zvachose - sezvo kwaiva Antarctica, Alpha inoramba kana Pluto mumazuva George Berkeley ..

Mubvunzo zvino unomuka Kwakanga chinhu pamberi vanhu? Somunhu bhishopu Catholic, John. Berkeley akamanikidzwa kusiya ake kuzviitira idealism, kana, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi: solipsism, uye vatamire nezvenzvimbo vane chinangwa idealism. Zvisingaperi muna Zeitgeist aifunga zvinhu asati pakutanga chokuvapo kwavo, uye anovapa kuti tinzwe. Uye nokuda kusiyana nezvinhu kuti iyo munhu anofanira kugumisa, kusvikira Mwari akachenjera uye wakanaka.

British muzivi Devid Yum vakava kuzviitira idealism pamusoro Berkeley. Zvichienderana pfungwa empiricism - nyika kudzidza kuburikidza ruzivo - muzivi anonyevera kuti kushandisa pfungwa dzedu zvavo kazhinji papfungwa yedu pfungwa nepfungwa netumedu zvinhu. Asi nyaya yedu kutsinga dzinouya manzwisisire nezvazvo - haisi chete nguva dzose. Saka, basa uzivi - nokudzidza kwete zvisikwa asi kuzviitira nyika, zvaanonzwisisa, manzwiro, munhu zvisingarambiki.

Nyaya idealism pamusoro Berkeley uye Hume aiva chinokosha nezvainoita Kushanduka British empiricism. Raishandiswa, uye French Kujekerwa, uye kugadzwa agnosticism iri dzidziso zivo Hume zvakasimbisa paumbwe kutsoropodzwa Kant. Nzvimbo "chinhu chacho 'pamusoro musayendisiti yokuGermany yakanga hwaro German uzivi chekare. Epistemological netariro Bacon uye kusava nechokwadi Hume akazotevera chakaita vazivi pfungwa "ongororo" uye "falsification" pfungwa.