Nhapwa Hurumende: dzidzo, chimiro, chimiro

Kupfungwa uranda raiva nomuzongoza hwenyika akare uye kare. Rokumanikidzirwa ari kubudisa kubatsira kwemazana akawanda emakore. Ijipiti, guta Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome - uranda inokosha chikamu kwenzanga izvi zvose. At kwezana kare neMiddle Ages kutsiva iye akauya feudalism.

inotungamirwa

Kare, kuti muranda wehurumende aiva wokutanga mhando ehurumende, yakaumbwa mushure manyowa pamusoro chinyakare zvaiita hurongwa. Society yakakamurwa kupinda makirasi, pane vapfumi nevarombo. Nokuda kunetsana ichi, uye kupfungwa youranda akasimuka. It kwaibva rechibharo pamusoro ishe uye yaiva nheyo ipapo hurumende.

Wokutanga muranda inoti vakasimuka pakutanga kwezana wechina - chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC. Izvi zvinosanganisira Egyptian umambo, Asiria, uyewo guta sevaSumer mumupata rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi. Mumireniyamu yechipiri BC, idzodzo akadaro dzakaumbwa China uye India. Pakupedzisira, wokutanga nhapwa inoti zvaisanganisira, uye umambo vaHeti.

Types uye nezvimiro

Modern kare vagovane wekare muranda inoti kupinda marudzi anoverengeka uye nezvimiro. Wokutanga mhando zvinosanganisira Oriental despotism. Chinokosha wakanga kuchengetedza vamwe zvekare zviri chinyakare vomunharaunda. Yemadzitateguru uranda hwakanga yakasarira - Muranda akatenderwa kuva mhuri yake uye pfuma. Mugore akazotevera zvenhaka inoti, ichi chinhu yakanyangarika. Kuwedzera kune pachake wevaranda, paiva seboka muuranda, kana varanda muridzi kana temberi.

Human basa inoshandiswa kunyanya mune zvokurima. Oriental despotism achiumbwa mumipata enzizi, asi kunyange zvakadaro, vaifanira kuvandudza kurima nokuvaka yakaoma kudiridza enyika. Maererano varanda izvi aishanda chikwata. With chikamu ichi Oriental despotism chokuita nokuvapo iyoyo zvokurima munharaunda.

Papera yekare slaveholding inoti vakaumba mufananidzo wechipiri munyika - yeGirisi Roman. Akanga kusiyaniswa nani kugadzirwa uye kuramba chinyakare vakasara wakakwana. Dzakabudirira marudzi vanozivikanwa kuti utsinye kudzvinyirira nevanhuwo zvavo uye chisimba pamusoro pavo kwakasvika Parainge. Collective muridzi yakachinja private enzvimbo nevaranda. Zvakanga inopinza evanhu kusaruramisira uye kwaizoita uye kusaruramisira pakatarisana makirasi.

YeGirisi Roman nhapwa wehurumende zviripo maererano nenheyo pasi iyo varanda akareurura zvinhu uye Vanoburitsa nepfuma yavo varidzi. Havadi kutengesa basa ravo, vakanga vatengeswa kuti vanatenzi vavo. magwaro ekare uye mabasa ounyanzvi zvakajeka zvinopupurira mamiriro ezvinhu aya. Muranda mhando wehurumende yakati kuti njodzi muranda kukosha ndiyo njodzi mhuka kana zvigadzirwa.

Vanhu vakava varanda nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. MuRoma yekare, varanda vakanga vanzi vasungwa vehondo uye vanhuwo zvavo vaibatwa muhondo dzairwiwa. Uyewo, vanhu acharasikirwa kana aisakwanisa abhadhare zvikwereti pamwe anokwereta. Kunyanya tsika iyi yaiva India. Pakupedzisira, muranda vaisagona kuita muranda anenge avatadzira.

Varanda Semi-vakasununguka

Vadzvinyiriri uye kushandisa vaiva hwaro nzanga yekare. Asi kunze ikoko, uye yechitatu-party makirasi vagari hafu-vakasununguka uye wakasununguka. MuBhabhironi, China neIndia, ava nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vanhuwo zvavo-freemen. MuAtene, paiva boka metics - vakagara munyika nevaGiriki vatorwa. Uyewo kuti vakabatiswa rakava wakabatanidza kuda varanda. Saizvozvowo yakanga kirasi Peregrino, yaivapo hweRoma. Vanonzi varume akasununguka pasina chizvarwa cheRoma. Chimwe kirasi zvakawanda munzanga Roman inoverenga dzaitongwa - vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vasiyana was nzvimbo uye muzvinhu zvakawanda dzakafanana waakaita vanhuwo zvavo Ages feudalism kumwedzi.

Pasinei chimiro romuranda wehurumende, smallholders navapfuri vesimbi vaigara kugara mungozi rokuparadzwa moneylenders uye varidzi makuru. Vashandi Free vakanga hazvikubatsiriyi vashandirwi, sezvo basa ravo yakaramba kudhura zvichienzaniswa zvakaoma-nhapwa. Kana vanhuwo zvavo kure pasi, pakupedzisira ivo wevashumiri ari lumpen, kunyanya guru vaiva muAtene uye Roma.

Nhapwa ezvinhu inertia woutsinye uye kanganisa kodzero yavo kodzero yakazara varanda. Saka, mbiru uye Peregrines urege kuwa pasi zvizere mugumisiro mutemo weRoma. Varimi aigona kutengesa, pamwe nzvimbo yavakanga zvakabatanidzwa. Kwete kuva varanda, vakanga vasingagoni kunzi uye wakasununguka.

mabasa

tsananguro izere muranda wehurumende kuita pasina kutaurwa kwayo womukati uye kwokunze mabasa. Mabasa simba kuona munzanga kugutsikana kwayo, zvinangwa, zvinangwa uye chido kuchengetedza yekare. Creation ose anodiwa ezvinhu kuti kushandisa muranda basa uye rikaparadzwa vakasununguka vanhu - chikuru dzakawanda mabasa kuti vanoita nhapwa mamiriro. Countries aine mudziyo akadaro akasiyana gadziriro kusangana zvinofarirwa chikuru munzanga vakakwirira, varidzi makuru, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Kunyanya zvakajeka musimboti uyu akaratidza muIjipiti yekare. In kumabvazuva umambo simba dzinodzorwa zvachose upfumi uye akarongeka neruzhinji nemabasa, apo guru negurumwandira vanhu vaibatanidzwa. zvirongwa zvakadaro uye "kuvakwa remakore" zvaikoshawo kuvaka migero nezvimwe kwezvivako, kuvandudza simba panguva vanoshorwa dzinongoitika ezvinhu purazi.

Kufanana mimwe hurongwa ehurumende, muranda hurongwa vasingagoni kurarama pasina kuunza pachako kuchengeteka kwayo. Naizvozvo, simba izvi kunyika vekare vakaita zvose kudzvinyirira kutsutsumwa varanda uye navamwe vanomanikidzwa zvavo. kudzivirira Izvi zvaisanganisira kudzivirira private pfuma romuranda. Kudiwa ipapo. Somuenzaniso, muRoma, yepazasi strata yacho yemuna kwakaitika nguva dzose, uye kumukira Spartacus mumakore 74-71. BC. e. uye vose vakava kunozivikanwa.

kudzvinyirira Ezvemutauro

Muranda wehurumende mhando anogara kushandiswa munowanika kumatare, mauto uye mujeri udzvanyiriri pamusoro nevari. In Sparta kuti vakatanga muitiro nguva nenguva kuratidzwa vakawanda kuuraya vanhu vaiva munzvimbo soumambo. Mabasa akadaro kuri kunzi crypto. MuRoma, kana muranda akauraya tenzi wake simba achirangira muurayi akaurayiwa harisi chete, asiwo vose varanda vaigara naye pasi chete remba. tsika iyi chamuita kuti yakawiriranwa basa uye seboka basa.

Nhapwa mamiriro, munhu feudal mamiriro nezvimwewo inoti kare uyewo vakaedza kunyengera vanhu kuburikidza nechitendero. The uranda uye kushaya kodzero akadanidzira zvirevo vaizviita. varanda vazhinji havana kuziva usingabhadhari upenyu, sezvo akaratidza muna pfuma iri jendurumani nokuberekwa, uye saka zvakaoma kufungidzira rusununguko. zvitendero zvechihedheni yekare, ideologically tichidzivirira oparesheni, akabatsira kusimbisa varanda kuzadziswa zvarakanga chinzvimbo.

Kuwedzera munyika mabasa zvave kushandiswa kwavana hurumende mabasa uye zvekunze. Kukura muranda inoti zvaireva hondo dzose nevavakidzani vayo, kukunda uye uranda nemhomho itsva, tichidzivirira zvinhu zvavo pachavo kubva zvokunze kutyisidzira, kusika kwegadziriro anobudirira kurapa vakatora nyika. Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti izvi zvekunze mabasa vari pedyo nevanhu zvinorwisana mabasa. Ivo kusimbisa uye mukwanisi mumwe.

Protection kugadzikana

Kuti aite zvemukati uye zvimwewo mabasa dzaiwanika ezvinhu midziyo. Vachiri padanho Kushanduka masangano wemuranda ino, mashandiro ichi chaiva underdeveloped uye nyore. Zvishoma nezvishoma, akava akasimba uye ndokukura. Ndokusaka administrative michina yacho Sumerian maguta hazvigoni kuenzaniswa midziyo hweRoma.

Kunyanya kwakawedzera mapoka nezvombo. Uyezve, kuwedzera zvaakatonga hurongwa. Masangano bindepinde. Somuenzaniso, muAtene VV emakore. BC. e. Gwaro Mamaneja acho teekannu - the Council mazana mashanu. With kukura ehurumende hurongwa kuwedzera kwachiri vakasanangurwa vatariri vaiva munyaya zvechiuto. Yaiva Hipparchus uye Nyanzvi dzezvehondo. For administrative mabasa vaivawo mutoro vanhu - arhopty. Yakava yakazvimirira dare uye masangano chokuita ezvitendero zviduku. Education slaveholding inoti vakashanduka nehasha saizvozvo - the kuomesa of administrative midziyo. Machinda muchiuto yaisagona chokuita zvakananga muuranda, asi mabasa avo vanenge akadzivirira enyika zvakanaka yakasimbiswa maitiro uye chacho hachichinji.

Kirasi nevanhu vanozviwana vari rinoitirwa, yakaumbwa chete maererano nezvikonzero kirasi. Senior nzvimbo vaigona ive chete Ziva. Vamiririri vamwe munzanga strata zvakanaka zvazvingava, Anovhura dzakaderera rungs ose ehurumende midziyo. Somuenzaniso, muAtene, wevaranda vakaumba mapoka, kuita mapurisa mabasa.

An rinokosha akanga kuridzwa nevapristi. chinzvimbo chavo, sezvo mutemo, vari ngadzirambe dziri mitemo, uye simba ravo rave kucherechedza vakawanda masimba yekare - Egypt, Bhabhironi, Rome. Vanofurira Maitiro uye pfungwa zvavo. Zvavovo Vashumiri anonamatwa simba akasima unhu kunamatwa paumambo. basa ravo Pfungwa nevanhu vanogara yekudyidzana akasimbisa hurongwa akadai muranda States. Kodzero vapristi vakanga zvakawanda - vakaita neropafadzo nechinzvimbo uye vakanakidzwa kuremekedzwa nokudenga, mate mukanwa vamwe munharaunda. tsika dzechitendero netsika vaionekwa matsvene, kupa vafundisi inviolability pfuma uye munhu.

Political maitiro uye mitemo

All wekare muranda rinoti, kusanganisira wokutanga muranda inoti iri nharaunda Russia (muchiGiriki dzaidzorwa muGungwa Dema nemhenderekedzo), ngadzirambe murayiro zvakatangwa achishandisa mitemo. Vari yakatarwa kirasi hunhu panguva vanhu. Pachena mienzaniso mitemo yakadaro ndiyo mitemo Solon, vaAtene uye mutemo weRoma Servius Tullius. Ivo makasimbisa chaiwo kusaruramisira pfuma uye yakapatsanurwa vanhu kupinda strata. Somuenzaniso, mumasero India dzakadaro inonzi vanhu vakaderera uye Varna.

Nepo muranda inoti munharaunda nyika yedu haina akasiya mitemo yavo pachavo, vanyori vezvakaitika kare munyika yose dzinotibatsira akare eBhabhironi Hammurabi kana "Mubhuku Mitemo" pakati China yekare. Chishandiso yaro iri mhando iripo kuIndia. Muzana II remakore BC. E paiva nemitemo Manu. Vakagovana varanda muzvikamu nomwe: zvapa, akatenga, nhaka nhaka, vakava varanda sechirango wabatwa hondo, varanda kuti kugutsikana uye varanda vakaberekerwa mumba muridzi. Vane zvakafanana yakanga kuti zvose izvi vanhu zvakasiyana zvachose pasina kodzero, uye kutapwa kwavo zvachose novimba ngoni muridzi.

Similar mirairo vakanga akanyorwa mitemo kuBhabhironi mambo Hammurabi, nokubuda pakati XVIII remakore BC. e. rakatenderera Izvi zvakataurwa kuti kana tenzi muranda, akaramba kushumira kana kuzvipikisa iye, anofanira akagura nzeve yake. muranda rubatsiro kunzvenga riri chirango rufu (izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyange vakasununguka).

Pasinei yakasiyana zvinyorwa Bhabhironi, India nedzimwe inoti yekare, mitemo yakawanda akakwana vanoonekwa kuti mitemo Rome. Under kwavo simba, akaumba Codes dzimwe nyika dzakawanda kuva tsika dzokuMadokero. mutemo weRoma, izvo akava Byzantine vanofurirwa uye muranda inoti munharaunda Russia, kusanganisira Kievan Rus.

Muumambo hwacho yevaRoma runokwaniswa nhaka yakagadzirwa muzvikoro private pfuma, chikwereti, chikwereti, kuchengetwa, kutenga uye kutengeswa. The chinhu mumatare ukama akadaro aigona kuva varanda, nekuti vakanga vasina kunzwisisa chete sechinhu chigadzirwa kana pfuma. Panobva mitemo iyi vaiva netsika Roman dzakatangira dzekare, apo pakanga pasina umambo kana umambo, uye pakanga chete chinyakare munharaunda. Achishandisa tsika vekare, magweta akawanda uye gare gare vakaumba pamutemo hurongwa huru States kare.

Zvaidavirwa kuti mitemo Roman vari simba, sezvavanoita "vakasarudza uye anotenderwa reRoma vanhu" (sezvo pfungwa iyi haisi chikamu plebs uye varombo). zvatinorambidzwa izvi zvinoongororwa muranda ukama kwemazana emakore anoverengeka. Zvinokosha zviri pamutemo zviito vaiva magwaro ose vehurumende, izvo dzakabudiswa pakarepo mushure Paaitsaurira mumwe mukuru.

udzvanyiriri wevaranda

Varanda inoshandiswa kwete chete nokuda basa yekurima mumusha, asiwo kwerunyararo yacho Manor imba. Vasungwa kurindwa Estates akaramba murayiro wavo, wakagadzirirwa mukicheni, akamirira patafura, kutenga zvokudya. Vaikwanisa kuita mabasa ane perekedza, vachitevera muridzi wake kufamba, basa, kuvhima, uye kwose pachinenge nyaya. Nhongai nokuda kuvimbika rayo uye kuremekedza pfungwa, muranda kuwana mukana ave muperekedzi vana muridzi. varanda Most anofungidzirwa vaishanda nyaya kana kuti vatariri vakagadzwa kuti varanda zvitsva.

Heavy chaiko basa akanzi varanda, nokuti kuti vepamusoro vakanga vakabatikana kudzivirira mamiriro ayo kuwedzera kune vavakidzani vayo. Zvinorayirwa Similar vakanga kunyanya nevanhu revatongi chinoda. The zvokutenga simba kana ari mapoka, apo akabudirira kutengeswa chishoma pfuma, nevadzvinyiriri vaiita basa kunobatsira zvinosanganisira kutengeswa kwema. Somugumisiro, basa okurima kugoverwa varanda. Kuparadzirwa uku masimba dzakabudirira, somuenzaniso, muKorinde.

Athens nekusiyana, kwenguva refu zvabatwa yemadzitateguru miitiro yavo zvokurima. Kunyange pasi Pericles, kana mutemo uyu paakasvika kwayo ichatonga zvine mbiri enyika, vagari vakasununguka vaifarira kugara mumusha. Miitiro yakadaro vakachengetedzwa kwenguva refu, pasinei vapfume guta rokutengeserana uye yakashongedzwa nemamwe mumifananidzo.

Varanda vakanga muridzi guta, akaita basa iri nani ravo. Vamwe vari mubasa kudzivirira kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, muAtene kuitika muviri chiuru muSitiya uta vachiita mapurisa mabasa. varanda vazhinji vaiva pahondo uye romugungwa. Vamwe vavo vari pabasa nokutuma mumwe varidzi. varanda izvi vakava vengarava, mufudzikadzi zvikepe uye zvokushandisa. Muhondo, varanda dzaiwanzova vashandi. Varwi vakanga vakaita chete panguva ngozi hurumende. MuGreece, zvinhu zvakadaro rakavapo panguva Persian Wars, kana pakupera pakurwisana mberi Romans.

mutemo yehondo

MuRoma, varanda mapuranga vakazadzwa kunyanya kubva kunze. Kuti aite izvi, munyika, uye ipapo umambo akaita vanonzi mutemo hondo. Muvengi, uyo akaiswa musungwa, vachinyimwa kodzero dzavo dzose. Aizviwana kunze mutemo uye kurega kunzi munhu zvizere pfungwa yeshoko. Marriage musungwa ari akamiswa nhaka yake rakavhurika.

varanda vatorwa vazhinji vakaurayiwa pashure yakunda mhemberero. Varanda vaizosvika kutora chikamu varaidzo kuti musoja weRoma kurwa apo vaviri mutorwa vaifanira kuuraya mumwe yokupukunyuka. Mushure kubatwa kweSisiri pamusoro richishandiswa decimation. murume wose wegumi akaurayiwa - zvokuti vanhu akakunda chitsuwa usiku hwese yakaderera nezvikamu chegumi. Spain uye Cisalpine Gaul pakutanga aigara vakapandukira utongi hweRoma. Saka, mumatunhu aya chikuru bhizimisi avaranda nokuda zvokuvhoterwa.

Munguva yehondo yake yakakurumbira muGaul, Caesar pakarepo auctioned varanda itsva 53,000 pakati vaGiriki. Sources akadai Plutarch uye unonzi Appian, vanotaurwa mumagwaro ake pamusoro yakatokura nhamba. Nokuti chero nyaya muranda mamiriro zvakanga kunyange kubatwa varanda, uye avo chengetedzo. Somuenzaniso, vagari Sardinia uye Spain, anozivikanwa nokuda kwayo recalcitrance, nokuti varume kunyika weRoma vakakwirira akaedza kutengesa, kwete kuramba sevaranda dzavo. Apo Republic akava Empire dzaro nezvido Makafukidza rose Mediterranean, chikuru kumatunhu varanda panzvimbo dzokumadokero bhizimisi vava venyika okumabvazuva, sezvo pane tsika rouranda vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo kuti vazhinji namarudzi.

Kupera muranda inoti

HweRoma rakabhuroka panguva V remakore BC. e. Aiva wokupedzisira dzekare States vakauya pamwe chete rinenge yose nyika yekare dzakapoteredza Gungwa reMediterranean. Kubva raiva guru rokumabvazuva chaenga, izvo akazozivikanwa sezvo Byzantine hweRoma. KuMadokero, akaumba anonzi fuza umambo, waitova prototypes kuEurope rudzi inotaura.

inoti zvose izvi zvishoma nezvishoma vakatamira kunyika itsva nhoroondo munguva - the Ages. hwaro hwavo zviri pamutemo vakava feudal pabonde. Ivo chakatsiva Institute of ainakidza rouranda. Kutsamira pane vanhuwo zvavo kubva zvikuru akapfuma kwamachinda akapona, asi wakatora mamwe siyana, izvo zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva muuranda yekare.