Enver Pasha: Biography

Akakurumbira mutungamiri Turkish muchiuto, Enver Pasha - mumwe vatungamiri Young Zimbabwe Turk chimurenga. Akanga chinoshingaira Mutsigiri Pan-Turkism uye pani-Islamism, uyewo ideologist ari Armenian Kuurayiwa pakutanga ari XX remakore.

Enver Pasha: Biography

November 22, 1881 mu Istanbul kuti mhuri mushandi njanji akaberekwa Ismail Enver, Enver Pasha ramangwana. Nation baba Enver - vokuTurkey, uye mai vake - Gagauz kana Albanian. Enver aiva dangwe pavana vashanu, akanga mbiri hama nehanzvadzi mbiri. Kubvira pauduku, Enver aiziva hwaizova musoja, saka ndakaenda kudzidza muchikoro rechiuto. Maererano nedzimwe zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, akadzidza kunyatsoti vakakwana, asi kudzidza chikoro muna 1903 pamwe chinzvimbo mukuru, uye makore matatu gare gare kwaitsigirwa kuna Major.

Enver akatumwa kushumira Thessaloniki. Ikoko akatanga achishingaira muzvirongwa mabasa vemauto sangano rinonzi "Kumusha uye Freedom", iro akasangana muchivande, pasi auspices kurei uye rugare mafungiro enyika sangano "Union uye Progress".

The Young vokuTurkey uye wokutanga chimurenga

Mushure chibvumirano pakati Nicholas II uye Edward VII pamusoro zvakafanira zvinhu kuMacedonia, akasaina muna 1908, Turkey akatanga vakasvinuka Kuratidzira, dzakawedzerwa nezvorunyerekupe uye zvekungofungira pamusoro weboka hweOttoman Empire. Movement "Kubatana uye Progress" chaiva kumutumidza pachavo Kuvaduku vokuTurkey uye vachibatirira okutsutsumwa uye Misangano mikuru muchiuto kupidigura hurumende hweOttoman. Enver akava vachishingaira zvematongerwo Kuratidzira, uye pashure penguva yakati kare, zviuru zvevanhu vakamutevera. Young, vanoshingaira uye enterprising, akava mumwe vatungamiri Young Zimbabwe Turk chimurenga.

Muna 1908, pamusangano mu Salonikah Enver Bey vakazivisa kudzorerwa Turkish Constitution uye akazivisa July 10 zuva pakutanga Dare yaitonga hweOttoman Empire rechipiri. Mushure kubvuta masimba, akapedza makore maviri ari Turkish attaché kuGermany, uko akarumbidza kudzidziswa zvechiuto mauto eGermany uye chakaratidza kutanga uto pamwe pakati Turkey uye Germany.

Italo-Turkish Hondo Africa

Muna 1911, Italy akava makwikwi Turkish kuchinja Tripolitania, mudunhu Libya ano. Enver Bey akasiya Berlin uye akaenda Libya kutungamirira hondo wokuTurkey. Mutungamiri akakwanisa kupedza guru kuunganidza rutsigiro, achiunganidza varwi vanopfuura zviuru 20, asi akanga amanikidzwa kusiya Libya nokuda kureba muBalkan War. Somugumisiro, kudzora Tripolitania akaenda Italian Army.

Results iyi mhando kwakakonzera kuti kusagutsikana pakati vokuTurkey uye destabilization zvematongerwo mauto. "Kubatana uye Progress" akatanga kurasikirwa mukurumbira uye kutsigirwa, uye muna 1912 musarudzo dzeparamende akahwina neDare Liberal Union, kunyimwa simba Young vokuTurkey.

Balkan Hondo uye pave nesimba

Muna October 1912, uto hweOttoman vakatambura kukundwa pashure kukundwa muBalkans, izvo zvakazoita kuti destabilization kwehurumende itsva. idzodzi vakashandisa Young vokuTurkey, uye muna January 1913, vakaita chimwe kubvuta masimba akapidigura Liberal Union uye kuvagadza udzvinyiriri pakati pashas matatu. A mhando triumvirate kwaisanganisira:

• Young Zimbabwe Turk mutungamiri Talaat Pasha, akashanda se mukuru vizier kana mukuru wemakurukota, uyewo Minister of Interior;
• Jemal Pasha, vachibatirira hofisi Chief of Navy;
• Enver Pasha, mutungamiri wehondo.

Panguva triumvirate pamutemo ichaongororwa neKomiti Sultan Sultan Mehmed V, asi of facto simba rakanga mumaoko vatatu pashas. Enver Pasha, ari Biography of Sultan kunoratidza izvozvo, kunyange akaroora mwanasikana Prince Suleiman. Saka akava nhengo dzemhuri youmambo.

Kubatanidzwa Hondo Yenyika I

Being Germanophile uye mutsigiri Germany, Enver Pasha, anenge chimwe-handedly vakakakatira Turkey kupinda World War First, kuenda panguva imwecheteyo, kunyange kurwisa pfungwa dzake navo. Pasina mvumo kubva Cabinet pakati Vashumiri kweTurkey, akapa mvumo warships maviri German kupinda Dardanelles uye kutiza kutambudzwa zvikepe French. Zvadaro, ngarava idzi mbiri zvakapiwa Turkish Navy, izvo zvaireva zvisingadzivisiki kwemamiriro kubatana Germany uye Turkey chokuita nehondo.

Mukupera October, zvikepe vakapinda Sea Black akakunda zvengarava Russian muna Odessa, Sevastopol uye Feodosiya. Somugumisiro kurwisa, Russia akazivisa hondo pamusoro Turkey. Enver Pasha akaronga Kazhinji kuunganidza, uye akagadzwa Minister Wehondo.

Yaiurayiwa vokuArmenia nevaGiriki

Sezvo kuchitsigira mutsigiri pani-Islamism, Enver Pasha akaramba mukupesana vokuArmenia nevaGiriki vaigara hweOttoman Empire uye vaizviti vaKristu. Kunyange zvazvo izvi hazvina kutadzisa Pasha kubvuma varwi Armenian muuto rake.

Panguva First World War pamusoro Russian-Turkish pamberi wechitatu Turkish hondo pasi murayiro Enver Pasha akatambura unorema kukundwa panguva Hondo Sarikamis. Zvadaro, achidzokera guru, Enver Pasha, masoja Armenian mhosva woumbwende uye kusada kurwa, uye akaturika navo mhosva muhondo. Kuti kukundwa chaiva chikonzero yaiurayiwa Armenian vemo.

Urayai kunyimwa upenyu vanhu vanenge hafu yemiriyoni pamusoro, pakati pavo, kunze vokuArmenia vaiva vaGiriki uye vaSiriya. Nanhasi, ivo vokuArmenia hweOttoman Empire akadana Varwisei nevamwe 1915 mhosva Grand. The ronda, izvo zvakakonzera vokuTurkey kune Armenian vanhu, aiva zvakadzama kuti muna 1919 pamusangano of Armenian Revolutionary Commonwealth kwakasarudzwa kuronga nokushanda "Nemesis".

Enver Pasha: "Nemesis" uye kutiza kubva Turkey

Panguva "Operation Nemesis" vanhu 40 vakanga vakasarudzwa, avo basa sangano uye kuuraya kuurayiwa. Nokuti ose mamwe uye nokungwarira takagadzirira umhondi. Artists akavhiyiwa kunyimwa upenyu vamiririri vaviri triumvirate: Talaal Pasha uye Cemal Pasha Zvisinei, Enver Pasha akaurayiwa navo, uye kwete akapukunyuka wokutsiva, vachisiya Turkey. Akapedza nguva muMoscow, aishanda pamwe Bolshevik hurumende uye akanga achironga ake kudzoka kumusha.

The Bolsheviks, akavapindurawo, rinoreva kutsigira bato pamusoro Enver Pasha uye Republican vanhu Party Kemal. Kamwe Kemal zvapedza chimurenga kwayo, Enver Pasha chakarasikirwa kutsigira Bolsheviks. Vaimbove mutungamiri Turkish akatumwa Bukhara kurwa Basmach kufamba.

basmachi

Kunzwa nounhu zvisiri grata muhurumende mutsvuku, Enver Pasha akasarudza kuenda kuna Basmachi. Kubva Turkestan, akatuma tsamba Moscow nezvaidiwa yokubva hondo Bolsheviks, uye kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti rusununguko mudunhu.

With aikwanisa, chivimbo uye kuziva chakavanzika nzvimbo yacho Red Army munharaunda, Enver Pasha wakasimuka nekukurumidza kupinda kutungamirira Basmachi uye aiitisa kushandiswa akawanda akabudirira. Zvisinei, chido chake zvechisimba kutora zvose simba uye kuva mutungamiri Basmachis havabvumirwi kuti vave nevamwe vatungamiriri. Ivo kakawanda akaramba Enver Pasha kubatsira uye mauto, Ibrahim Bey, akaramba kuti ndiro rine chokwadi ari Pasha, kamwe kunyange vakarwisa uto rake, zvichikonzera irreparable kukuvara. Enver Pasha akaurayiwa kana akuvara, asi havana kugona kuramba kwayakaita.

Aimbova mutungamiriri akamanikidzwa kutizira Baldzhuan, kwaakanga akavanda duku simba munharaunda yeguta. Mukutanga August, iye yakawana pasi Bolsheviks, uye akatuma Boka KGB nechinangwa akakunda kana kumuuraya. August 4, 1922 pavairwisana Boka Bolsheviks akapfurwa Enver Pasha. Leader Kuuraya Basmachi akasimbisa George Agabeyov, ziva musoro muviri.