Kellogg-Briand chibvumirano (1928). Kuitwa pakati kellogg-Briand chibvumirano

Muna August 1928 muguta guru France rakagamuchirwa kubva kellogg-Briand chibvumirano, umo batana nyika vakatora pamusoro pachavo mutoro kwete kuti arwise mumwe. Pasinei nokuti chibvumirano ndeyokuita uye yakakura yakanga chakarongwa hunhu, iye zvikuru zvakabatsira kuti pave Interstate kodzero.

The political mamiriro ezvinhu

Ukama International iri 1920s remakore rapfuura dzakaitwa zviviri nharo zvikuru pfungwa. Chokutanga izvi kwaibva pakugoverwa uye kukurudzira pacifist pfungwa. Pashure okuguma World War First, panguva iyo raiswa anoverengeka zvakagadzirwa mumunda zvombo zvinouraya, mumwe nomumwe kunyika rinokunda mumwe vakazivisa pachena kuti kubvira zvino iye ari kuita chete kuti nyika, uye akaisa mberi mazano ari kudiwa zvombo.

Pfungwa yechipiri yaiva pakatarisana rokutanga. Achitaura zvenyika, utungamiriri nyika idzi akaramba kuunganidza zvombo. Panguva iyoyo vakaedza voruzhinji kuti zvose zviri kuitwa chete kuitira kuwana runovimbisa vakachengeteka vabvume. Vakataura kuti kwete chete zvinogona somukwikwidzi, asi vatsigiri vavo havadi ndisunungure hudyu.

Dzidziso seboka kuchengeteka

Chakagamuchirwa pamberi Versailles-Washington hurongwa ukama pakati penyika mbiri pave disparity maererano kuparadzira zvombo, uye mimwe kwakadzama pamusoro nyaya iri kunongoita izvozvo. Asi muna 1925, nyika vakakwanisa nemasaini Geneva Protocol inorambidza kushandisa bacteriological uye nezvombo zvine makemikari.

Uyezve, mashoko Locarno Conference, yaiitwa gore iroro, vakatanga kwegadziriro chakasimba chekuchengetedzwa Vehurumende pamiganhu uye uwandu yakawiriranwa masimba chibvumirano kuti zvose kusawirirana chete kuyananisa anofanira kugadziriswa pakati pavo. Zvino zvikaonekwa kuti aite izvi Munotadzanura kwazvo nzira vagarisane, uyewo kusikwa seboka kuchengeteka dzidziso.

Bayirai Briand

Panguva iyoyo yose nyika shirilos itsva guru kufamba. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kuzivisa hondo dzose kunze murayiro. In-Saxon nyika bato iri kunyanya yakatanga. Naizvozvo, panguva iyoyo French Gurukota Foreign Briand, uende kunosangana mhami voruzhinji, ndakasarudza kuti chisarudzo matambudziko European kuUnited States. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti izvi zvaitwa, kusiyana muUK.

Muna April 1927, Bryant akasaina chikumbiro kuna American vanhu. Mairi, iye aida kubudisa chibvumirano pakati France uye United States, iyo vakati wairambidza kushandisa hondo sezvo nzira Implementation pamusoro nenyika. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi chikumbiro rakanyorwa purofesa Columbia University, James Shotwell. Nehurumende yeFrance akatsvaka nechokwadi kuti mitemo yavo yakanaka mafungiro enyika nharaunda achishandisa chibvumirano ichi, izvo zvaizobatsira kuti yekudyidzana kusimbisa nzvimbo neHurumende muEurope.

kukwidziridzwa purojekiti

Pfungwa rechiFrench Minister mvumo Munyori weHurumende yeUnited kellogg. Asi akapa kusaina bilateral chibvumirano haachipo, uye multilateral, uye akataura izvi zvakataurwa kune vatungamiriri dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope. Germany ndiye wokutanga vaitsigira American chirongwa.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kellogg kupfimbwa akasika zvimwe zvinetso nomutemo dzakawanda achida kubatana League of Nations. Izvi ndozvakaitika Article 16 st. Rakati kuti ave mvumo pamusoro mutori-nyika haina warambidzwa kushandisa simba rechiuto.

Kellogg-Briand chibvumirano akakonzera zvikuru kusagutsikana pakati UK Government. Yaiti zvaisazova kubvumira zvishoma kupindira munhu mudenderedzwa waro National zvido. Saka, zviremera yeBritain pachine kuchengeterwa kodzero dzavo kuita pakuvhiya zvechiuto munzvimbo kunyanya kukosha kuti nyika.

England yakanga zvakasimba akasabvumirana chokuti muchirongwa kusaina wenyika, havana kugamuchira kusvikira kugamuchirwa ikozvino nokudenga. Chokutanga, kwaiva Land duku neSoviet, sezvo gore asati nedzenyu ukama avo adziviswa. Ndokusaka Britain aipikisa Soviet Union akasaina kellogg-Briand chibvumirano. History of Russia akazova Soviet Union, yakawanda uchapupu chokuti nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope vaiva kuchamhembe muvakidzani wayo nevamwe tichararama uye kunyange kuvengana.

Kuchinja chibvumirano

Nokukurumidza, hurumende yeFrance akapa mutsva shanduro chirongwa. Zvino kellogg-Briand chibvumirano pakati 1928 akapa kodzero pacharo rinoti, asi chete mukati yechinangwa aripo zvibvumirano. Vatungamiri Italy uye Japan akachingamidza pakadhindwa gwaro iri yokutanga uye vagamuchirwa nayo sezvo kuparadzwa chokupedzisira zvinoita kwehondo.

Kwapera mwedzi, US Munyori weHurumende yakabudiswa zvayo yoku- gwaro uye vakatumira hurumende munyika 14. Mairi, iye akanyatsojekesa kuti Kurambwa emauto nezvokunetseka chiito chete hukama pakati Masimba izvo akasaina chibvumirano. dzimwe nyika dzose vasina kumbofunga nezvarwo. Nedzenyu matsamba chokuita kududzirwa mashoko akadai se "hondo imhosva," rwakatora kwemwedzi.

Pakupedzisira, kellogg-Briand chibvumirano August 27, 1928 rave pakupedzisira kubvumirwa uye nemasaini Paris musi 15 inoti nhungamiro. The Pamazita kunosanganisira US, Canada, South Africa, Germany, France, Belgium, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, New Zealand, India, Poland uye Japan.

Chii chakanga chiri chibvumirano

Gwaro pacharo achiumbwa kubva pakusuma uye nyaya mbiri huru. Wokutanga akati kuti bato zvakasimba mhosva kushandisa rechiuto chiito kugadzirisa siyana kukakavadzana dzakawanda uye zvakasimba avaramba sechekushandisa pamusoro Implementation kuti zvirongwa zvoruzhinji. Nyaya yechipiri ose mapato kuziva kuti nokuda chisarudzo yokurwisana dzakawanda uye kukakavadzana unodzokera nzira rugare chete.

mikana

Kunze 15 inoti kare akasaina chibvumirano, kellogg-Briand chibvumirano muna 1928 akapa kodzero zvairayirwa sechinhu Semi-yaitonga uye nemataundi nyika. August 27 The United States akatuma 48 States kwete pokuita Nhaurirano, panyaya imwe kondirakiti.

The USSR ndiye wokutanga pamazita yakawedzerwa invitees, izvo chagamuchirwa chibvumirano dzakawanda. In February 1929 imwe dzakati apo Soviet Union, Estonia, Latvia uye Romania, uye gare gare Iran, Lithuania uye Turkey rakagamuchirwa muMoscow vakazivisa kuti vanofanira kupinda simba pamusoro kellogg-Briand chibvumirano. Nokuti dzimwe nyika, kuti Agreement uchapinda simba pamusoro July 24, kureva Papera mwedzi mitanhatu.

ukoshi

Chokutanga, chibvumirano yakabatsira kuwana zvakafanana inoti akadai Germany uye France. Apo chanzera German Gustav Stresemann akauya Paris nemasaini kellogg-Briand chibvumirano, icho akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro kubatikana panguva yacho Rhineland. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti chikamu rave akatosarudza kare Locarno Agreement, asi aihuitira nyaya zviri Chibvumirano Versailles. Mukupera gwaro yaiti kuti basa raiva refu kusvikira 1935. Maererano chanzera, mushure ratification pamusoro chibvumirano kuvapo dzimwe mauto ari munharaunda German vakaita njere. Naizvozvo, panguva iyo Hague Conference , kwakasarudzwa pamusoro kushaya kwakaita sungano mauto kubva Rhineland.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuitwa kuti kellogg-Briand chibvumirano chakanga zvikuru munzanga uye tsika kukosha, uyewo chakaita kuti chinokosha kukura Interstate kodzero. Asi, zvakadaro, gwaro uyu chete declarative, iye akapfeka kusununguka. Kusaina chibvumirano, nyika haina Akazadzisa kuzvipira kwavo kuramba mauto chiito uye haana kurambidza maoko nhangemutange. Reservations Britain uye France vakanga usatsungirira muna chibvumirano, uye chokwadi nyika yakachengeterwa kodzero kurwa vazvidzivirire.