Sofya Kovalevskaya: Biography, mapikicha uye dzaita. muzvinafundo munyika hadzi yokutanga masvomhu

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna akaberekwa January 3, 1850 muMoscow. Amai vake rakanga Elizabeth Schubert. Baba General Korvin-Krukovskiy atirari, nenguva kuberekwa kwake mwanasikana vakashumira sezvo mukuru zvombo. Paakanga nhanhatu, iye pamudyandigere uye vakagara mumhuri wemunda. Funga zvakare, kuti muzivise Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Biography: Childhood

Kana mhuri yose (vabereki uye vanasikana vaviri) vakagara mumhuri yavatezvara baba vake, musikana vakaripira vadzidzisi. The chete chinhu uko remangwana purofesa wemasvomhu haana varatidza kufarira, kana masimba, aiva svomhu. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja zvinoshamisa pamusoro nguva. Kudzidza svomhu yakatora makore 10 nehafu. Zvadaro, Sofia Kovalevskaya vafunga kuti iyi uye akamupa nheyo ruzivo zvose. The musikana ari chaizvo zvakanaka kudzidzwa chinhu uye nokukurumidza zvinetso zvose. mudzidzisi wake Malevich asati nemasvomhu akabvumira wake kudzidza svomhu Bourdon (mbiri mavhoriyumu kosi, izvo akadzidziswa panguva iyoyo paYunivhesiti Paris). Mumwe vavakidzani, pakuongorora kubudirira musikana, baba vake zano rokuti vake kuhaya Strannolyubski wengarava refutenendi nokuramba dzidzo. New mudzidzisi ari chidzidzo rekutanga differential calculus akashamiswa kuti pakukurumidza Sonia akadzidza pfungwa rinobva uye muganhu.

zvekunyepera muchato

Muna 1863, panguva Mariinsky jimunasiyamu akazarura mudzidzisi ekudzidzisa yaisanganisira kutukana uye zviwanikwa-kwemasvomhu dhipatimendi. Sisters Anna uye Sofia aida ikoko. Asi dambudziko rakanga kuti vasikana kuroorwa kuchikoro zvisina anosarudzwa. Saka vakamanikidzwa kupinda muwanano. Nomukomana Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky akasarudzwa. Zvisinei, muchato pakati pavo havana kutora nzvimbo. Pane imwe kushanyirwa akaudza Anna kuti akanga agadzirira kuti kuroorwa, asi yake hanzvadzi, Sonia. Papera nguva iye aigona kupinzwa mumba uye yakatanga mvumo kwababa, hanzvadzi rechipiri chikomba wacho. Panguva iyoyo akanga 26, uye Sophia - makore 18.

A itsva upenyu rwakazara

Hapana zvokufungidzira zvino api pashure muchato wavo kurarama Sofia Kovalevskaya. Biography wake yakarova unokwezva yake munhu vaimuziva. Akatanga yaishandirwa makore 16, zvichiita dzimwe enganonyorwa rakashandurwa kuti Gostiny Dvor vatengesi. Kovalevsky nedura kwakakura ndangariro, zvinoshamisa basa uye unhu mano. Iye categorically akaramba bureaucratic basa, vanosarudza pachinzvimbo kwake kutsikisa mabasa muSt Petersburg. Ndiye vataipa uye mabhuku, rakanga riri kudiwa kukuru mberi vanhu munyika. Atamisa nomurume wake uye hanzvadzi St. Petersburg, Sofia Kovalevskaya akatanga kupinda hurukuro pakavanda. Akasarudza kupa simba rose chete nesayenzi. Chinhu bedzi angada kuita Sofia Kovalevskaya, - masvomhu. Zvaakanga vakapfuura bvunzo uye akagamuchira gwaro kukura, iye ndikadzokerazve Strannolyubski. Naye, akava chaizvo kudzidza sainzi, vachironga pashure kuramba kushanda kunze.

inotungamirwa

Pakutanga April 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya hanzvadzi yake uye nemurume vakaenda Vienna. Paiva Vanodzidza zvinodiwa ipapo Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Zvisinei, muna Vienna makanga masayendisiti simba. Naizvozvo Kovalevskaya afunga kuenda Heidelberg. In dzayo pasi, kwakanga nyika yechipikirwa vadzidzi. Takunda anoverengeka nematambudziko Komisheni akaita vachiri Sophia kuteerera hurukuro pamusoro wefizikisi uye masvomhu. For semesters matatu, iye kosi Koenigsberger, akadzidzisa dzidziso rakaita denderedzwa chairo mabasa. Uyezve, iye aipinda hurukuro pamusoro wefizikisi uye masvomhu Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, pomuouki Raymond akashanda murabhoritari vachitungamirirwa kemisiti Bunsen. Vose ava vanhu vaive rinozivikanwa masayendisiti muGermany. Vadzidzisi vakashamiswa mano vapiwe Kovalevskaya. Sofya vakashanda zvakaoma. Akakurumidza kugona zvose pokutangira pfungwa, izvo akabvumira kuti kutanga pachako tsvakurudzo yako. Iye akagamuchira Madhindindi wongororo zvawo nokuda Koenigsberger mudzidzisi wake - nyanzvi guru iyoyo Karl Weierstrass. Last vakararama anonzi "muongorori kukuru."

Kushanda Weierstrass

Sofia Kovalevskaya muzita chinangwa chakakwirira akasarudzwa akurire kutya uye kunyara uye kutanga October 1870 vakaenda Berlin. Professor Weierstrass haana kuda kutaura uye ndeyokubvisa mueni wacho, akachipa mabasa akawanda kubva kunharaunda hyperbolic mashandiro, kukoka kwake ari vhiki. Kuva nguva kukanganwa pamusoro kushanya, musayendisiti haatarisiri kuona Kovalevskaya panguva yakatarwa. Iye akazviratidza pamukova uye akazivisa kuti zvose matambudziko vakanga kugadziriswa. Kwapera Weierstrass paakakumbira kuti Kovalevskaya akanga vakabvuma kunzwa kwemasvomhu hurukuro. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vabudirire yakakwirira kanzuru mvumo. PaUniversity Berlin kwete chete anosarudzwa vakadzi vadzidzi. Vakanga vasina kunyange kubvumirwa kupinda hurukuro sezvo vakasununguka vateereri. Naizvozvo, Kovalevskaya rwaifanira kuderedzwa chete voga namazvikokota Weierstrass. Sezvataona ne vakararama, musayendisiti inozvikudza Kazhinji woutsinye vateereri mupfungwa ukuru. Asi kuziva nenyota ruzivo Kovalevskaya akabvunza Weierstrass rakawedzerwa. Iye pachake kazhinji vaifanira kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana, kuti vanyatsokwanisa Pindura mibvunzo zvikuru kunzwisisa kuti mudzidzi wake. Vomunguva akaona kuti aifanira kuva vanoonga Kovalevskaya, nekuti iye akakwanisa kusada kuvhara kuti Weierstrass.

rakazvimirira basa yokutanga

In tsvakurudzo wake pamusoro nengaidzo kuti Saturn kuti zvindori. Asati kuita basa iri Kovalevskaya Laplace (muongorori wenyeredzi French, yefizikisi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu). In bepa ake, aiona Saturn mhete muchimiro kuzvivako anoverengeka dzakatetepa, regai kufurira mumwe, zvinhu. Munguva yokudzidza, akawana kuti muchinjikwa-chikamu ngachipiwe muchimiro ane ellipse. Zvisinei, ichi mhinduro rekutanga, kutsarukana chaizvo chete. Kovalevskaya chakagamuchirwa kudzidza kuti zvakarurama equilibration mhete. Zvikaonekwa kuti mune imwe muchinjikwa chikamu anofanira kupiwa nenzira imwe denderedzwa.

chinyorwa

Kubva pakutanga chando 1873 kusvikira kuchitubu 1874, Kovalevskaya akanga mubasa tsvakurudzo pamusoro differential equations kukwana nomukaka. It aitarisirwa kuuya basa doctorate dissertation. basa rake kwakaita nokuyemura munharaunda sayenzi. Zvisinei, Papera chinguva, zvakanzi vakawana kuti izvozvo kudzidza akatotanga wakaitwa Augustin Cauchy - vakakurumbira nyanzvi French. Asi basa rake akapa Kovalevskaya theorem no chimiro, hwakakwana ayo nyore, nehasha uye zvakarurama. Naizvozvo, kuti dambudziko rakatanga pakunzi "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem no." Rinowanikwawo zvose zvinokosha kuongorora mapoka. Kufarira iri kuongorora yake kupisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga. The Kovalevskaya ongororo yakaratidza nezvokuvapo dzinokosha ezvinhu. Zvakanga zvakakosha kuti nguva yokutanga. In iyi kwake kudzidzira basa yapera. The Council of University of Gottingen ake doctorate mune kwemasvomhu uzivi uye Tenzi Arts Akanaka "ne soro rumbidzo" akanga paakavapa.

Nomurume wake

Muna 1874 Sofia Kovalevskaya akadzokera Russia. Zvisinei, pamba panguva iyoyo vaiva nemamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa kuti vasingagoni kubvumira kuti vatevere sayenzi sezvo aida. Pakazosvika nguva muchato nomurume wake vakava chipo. First nguva garei Germany, vaigara mumaguta akasiyana, vakanga vakadzidza muzvikoro zvakasiyana. Communication nomurume inoitwa nomutsamba. Zvisinei, Zvadaro, ukama akatora yakasiyana chimiro. Muna 1878, Kovalevskaya aiva mwanasikana. Pashure iye akaberekwa pamusoro mwedzi mitanhatu Sophia aakapedza ari pamubhedha. Doctors akanga asina tariro kupora. Nhengo achiri akahwina, asi mwoyo warohwa chirwere chakakomba.

Pokuwa mhuri

Kovalevskaya aiva murume, mwana, yaanofarira dandadzo. Zvaizoratidza sokuti ichi vanofanira kunge zvakakwana kufara zvachose. Asi Kovalevskaya akanga chairwo maximalism kumativi. Iye anogara chinoita dzakakwirira zvaidiwa upenyu uye navose vakamupoteredza. Aipinda vanonzwa kubva murume wangu mhiko rudo, vakashuva kuti dzose nguva akaratidza kwatinoitwa naye. Asi Kovalevsky haana. Akanga akasiyana munhu, sezvo zvikuru kufarira nesayenzi, uyewo mukadzi wake. Complete achipera ukama vakauya pavakasarudza kutanga bhizimisi. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, Kovalevskaya akaramba akatendeka nesayenzi. Asi iye asingagoni kuramba muRussia. Pashure kupondwa namambo mamiriro ezvinhu munyika hwaipa zvinoshamisa. Sophia nemwanasikana vakaenda Berlin, uye murume wake - kuna Odessa, munin'ina wake. Zvisinei, Vladimir Onufrievich Varasa zvikuru avo mabhizimisi zvoupenyu, uye pausiku 15 musi April 16, 1883 akazviuraya. Kovalevskaya aiva Paris kana ndakawana nhau. Pashure pemariro, akadzokera Berlin, iye akaenda Weierstrass.

Stockholm University

Weierstrass akaziva nezvorufu murume Kowalewski, uyo nguva dzose regai Sophia anoronga kuti sayenzi chinangwa zvose upenyu, akanyora Mitgag-Leffler, ake bhururu. Mutsamba, akataura nezvokuti zvino hapana paakamira kubvumira mudzidzi kuramba basa. Nokukurumidza Weierstrass akakwanisa kufadza Kovalevskaya zvakanaka apindure Sweden. January 30, 1884 akaverenga hurukuro yokutanga. The kosi, iyo kuverenga German Kovalevskaya, wakange private hunhu. Asi, akaita wake shasha kurumbidzwaka. Pakapera June 1884, akagamuchira nhau kuti yakatarwa muzvinafundo kuti 5 years.

basa idzva

More uye mukadzi purofesa kwakawedzera pakutsvakurudza. Zvino iye rave kudzidza mumwe mukuru matambudziko chokuita vanachandagwinyira muviri kutenderera. Aitenda kuti kana aigona kurigadzirisa, zita rayo zvichawedzerwa nokuwanda kwazvo inozvikudza masayendisiti zvenyika. Maererano naye vanofungidzira 5 makore vaifanira kupedza basa.

Creative kunyora

Muchirimo 1886 Sofya akagamuchira mashoko chakakura mamiriro hanzvadzi yake. Akaenda kumba. Kovalevskaya akadzokera Stockholm rinorema mwoyo. In mamiriro ichi, hazvina kugona kuramba kudzidza. Zvisinei, akawana nzira kutaura manzwiro avo pamusoro pachavo, pfungwa dzavo. Mabhuku basa akava wechipiri chinokosha chinhu, icho paaivatambudza Sofia Kovalevskaya. Bhuku, iro iye akanyora panguva pamwe Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, saka uibate, mukati nguva ino haana kudzokera tsvakurudzo.

nenhoroondo kuwanikidza

Ndapora kubva kuvhunduka, Kovalevskaya anodzokera basa nesayenzi. Anoedza kugadzirisa dambudziko vachishandisa kutenderera yakaoma muviri kumativi rinorema kunofambira mberi pfungwa. Kunoderedza dambudziko kuti kusangana emamiriro equations kuti agara kunotsanangurwa vatatu chinokosha. Dambudziko riri kugadziriswa zvachose, kana zvichibvira kuwana wechina. Iye kaviri rawanikwa pamberi pakuvhurwa Kovalevskaya. Masayendisiti akadzidza dambudziko zvave Lagrange uye Euler. Kovalevska padzakacherechedza nyaya rechitatu uye chinokosha chechina nazvo. Chisarudzo zvawo chaizvo kunzwisisa. Kutsungirira basa kwakabatsira akakwana ruzivo hyperelliptic mabasa. Zvino 4 algebraic musimboti zviripo chete muzviitiko matatu: Lagrange, Euler, uye Kovalevskaya.

tablice Award

Muna 1888, 6 December, kuti Paris Academy tsamba Kovalevskaya. Zvainzi kuti akanga paakavapa mubayiro bhodhi. Zvinofanira akati kuti pamusoro hafu yezana remakore kubvira kwayo pokugadzwa chakava muridzi vanhu 10. Muchiitiko chino, zvose izvi quire nguva zvakanga zvizere paakavapa, asi nekuda munhu, asi kunyanya mhinduro. Asati Panovhurwa Kovalevskaya mubayiro hapana paakavapa kwemakore matatu akatevedzana. A vhiki mushure mekugamuchira mashoko, akauya kuna Paris. President of Academy of Janssen, muongorori wenyeredzi uye yefizikisi, noushamwari. Sofya Vasilyevna. Akati kuti nokuda kukomba pakutsvakurudza izvozvo, kuti shoma ichiwedzerwa kubva 3 kusvika 5 zviuru mafranc.

Award of Swedish Academy

Pashure pokugamuchira mubairo tablice Kovalevskaya vakagara pedyo Paris. Pano iye akaramba zvidzidzo zviri kutenderera kwemiviri kuti makwikwi award naMambo Oscar II of Swedish Academy. In autumn, kutanga kwetemu payunivhesiti, iye akadzokera Stockholm. Basa akaenda nokukurumidza chaizvo. Kovalevskaya aida nenguva kupedza kudzidza, kuti muzviise pasi basa nokuda makwikwi. Nokuti basa rake iye akahwina gumi zana korona.

Vachiedza kudzokera Russia

Pasinei nokubudirira, Kovalevskaya haana kufara chinhu. Aienda nokuti nokurapwa, asi haana kupedza nayo. Pashure pfupi, utano hwake vasanyanya zvakare. In mamiriro ichi, Kovalevskaya kukwanisa kuramba vachidzidza uye vakadzokera zvakare kuti mabhuku. Chido chake Russia, iye akaedza tisanzwe nyaya vanhu uye nyika. Iye aiva zvisingatsungiririki kuva munyika yokumwe. Asi pasinei hunoshamisa kubudirira, hazvina kunge kuitika munharaunda kumayunivhesiti. Hope akauya apo November 7, 1888 iye akasarudzwa ari runoenzanirana nhengo Physics uye Mathematics yeRussian Academy. Muna April 1890, iye akaenda kumba. Kovalevskaya akanga achitarisira kuti zvichaita vasanangurwa nhengo Academy akafa Schwarz pachinzvimbo. Saka aigona kuwana rusununguko zvemari, izvo hwaizosimudzira kumwe kutsvakurudza munyika yavo.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

In St. Petersburg Kovalevskaya kakawanda akanga ashanya President of Russian Academy. Grand Duke Konstantin aigara zvakanaka uye mutsa wake, achiti kuti zvaizova zvakanaka kana iye akadzokera kumba. Asi kana Kovalevskaya aida kupa somunhu dzomupepanhau nhengo Academy pamusangano, iye chakarambwa nokuti akanga "asina tsika". nokutuka ukuru muRussia hazvaikwanisa konzera. Muna September, Kovalevskaya akasvika shure Stockholm. January 29, 1891, iye akafa pazera remakore 41, gore mwoyo kukundikana.

mhedziso

Kovalevskaya aiva murume unoshamisa. Akanga chaizvo vachirayira muzvinhu zvose vakamupoteredza. Izvi haisi Russian yemasvomhu munhuwo uye injiniya, musayendisiti mukuru, uyo akapa simba rake rose nesayenzi. Zvinosuruvarisa kuziva kuti Russia panguva iyoyo akanga asina rakashandurwa ruremekedzo haina kuzivikanwa dhigirii ayo, pasinei mukuru kukurumbira mu madenderedzwa zvesayenzi kunze. Kwete kure Great hanyanisi Museum iri Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino aiva kumusha kwake rechipiri, nzvimbo akaratidza wake uchikwezvwa kuti sayenzi.