St. Petersburg munhoroondo zvishoma. History of Saint-Petersburg

Saint Petersburg - rimwe remaguta yakaisvonaka kwazvo Europe, chakakodzera kunzi Northern Palmyra. Unogona kunyora mavhoriyamu yose, kukuudzai sei kuti pave guta rino yechipiri ehurumende. No dzinonakidza zvishoma ndiyo nhoroondo yose St. Petersburg. Muchidimbu tinoedza kufunga izvozvo.

Great Northern hondo

The hondo Swedish King mutsvina yadzo XII, akazopiwa zita North, maererano Peter ndaifanira kuzarura Russian kuwana kuGungwa reBaltic, uye nokudaro, "akavhura hwindo kuEurope", waiva saka aida kuti mambo-muvandudzi.

In vazhinji kwazvo kukunda akanga inowanikwa panguva iyi refu nhimbe, izvo zvichiri kudada vokuRussia: Narva, Shlisselburg uye, chokwadi, Poltava. Pakupedzisira, Peter akakwanisa kuhwina kurukundo muhondo muna 1721 uye vabudirire kushaya weRussia kusvikira kuGungwa reBaltic.

Sezvo zviitiko izvi chokuita nhoroondo kwezvisikwa St. Petersburg? Muchidimbu pamusoro ichi huchakurukurwa.

Zvirongwa kuvaka guru idzva

Chevaux Peter I kunzwisisa kuti Russia inoda inokosha kuchinja, pamwe anenge munzvimbo dzose kubvira utariri kuti kugadzirwa michina. Asi iye haana kukwanisa kunzwisisa uye kuti dzakapoteredzwa boyars vari dendere dzavo dzakare, Moscow, iye achava haakwanisi kutyora zvisungo nheyo akare. Saka, kunyange pakutanga kwake akanga pfungwa kuvaka itsva guta guru, kwaachanomira kuti kutarisira kwete umambo Russian, uye Russian Empire.

Gare gare, Petro akaenda Holland uye azadzwa European netsika, saka, aida kuti guta rake idzva rakanga panguva kumadokero kumiganhu ehurumende.

Muna 1703 Peter ndakakwanisa tirwise chimedu chekare Russian nyika kamwe maigara yeSweden. Pakazosvika nguva nyika ino yainzi kare muna German nenzira - Ingria.

Zviri pano kuti Petro akafunga kuvaka guta rake idzva. Saka vakatanga nhoroondo pakuvambwa St. Petersburg-gore gumi. Muchidimbu nezvazvo pashure.

guta Name

Sezvambotaurwa, Peter I achiri muduku vakaenda Holland, apo nounyanzvi vakadzidza kuvaka ngarava, akadzidza mutauro womunzvimbo uye, kupfuura zvose, azadzwa European tsika. Iye ainakidzwa Europe kuitira kuti muRussia yose vakaedza kuronga iri European nenzira, nekuisa mitemo mitsva akamanikidzira boyars kuveura ndebvu. Hazvishamisi, sezvo guta rake idzva, akaedza kuita zvakafanana Amsterdam - guta Dutch zvokutengeserana.

Guta ainzi chokuremekedza musande aive mambo - mupositori Petro. Sezvingatarisirwa, zita akapa vake guta riri Dutch manyorerwo - St. Peter-Burj. Ndizvo chete zita iri rave chokuita nhoroondo St. Petersburg kusvikira 1914. Muchidimbu zvakaitika uye nei zita yachinja, uchadzidza gare gare.

Kuvambwa St. Petersburg

Makore gumi nematatu apfuura kubva kwenheyo ibwe rokutanga dzavarwi, yainzi St. Peter-Burj, muna 1704 uye kusvikira 1717, apo nhare akava guta chairo dzakazara. Panguva iyi, pakuvaka akatakurwa kunze kunyanya vanhuwo kushanda vanhu. Akatora mugove pakuvaka uye Petro pachake, nekuti akanga achiri muduku, akabatana basa nedemo, kubatsira kuvaka ngarava wayo nezvikepe, vakazova asingakundiki.

Zvichakadai, guta riri wakazara, uye Petro scored mumwe kukunda pashure perimwe; uye hondo, uye muimba. Asi parera yake chaiyo chaizvo St. Petersburg. Nhoroondo yeguta uchatiudza muchidimbu.

Guta guru roumambo

Saka, St. Petersburg yakawedzera kubva nhare dzokurwa duku muguta, chakakodzera zvechokwadi kuva guta guru roumambo. Muna 1712 pamutemo kuchinjwa kuguta guru, rakanga yabereka. Moscow akatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kutamira St. Petersburg masangano siyana yepamutemo, nevamiririri venyika dzekunze uye yamambo.

Kamwe, muna 1717, apo pakuvaka mabasa apera muna zvachose, nokuti kushongedzwa guru wakabva chaiye vanatenzi ose basa ravo, akakumbira, Chokwadi, kubva Europe. St. Petersburg zvose kuwedzera kutarisika. Muna 1725 ndipo kwakazarurwa Academy of Sciences, iyo akaita guta kwete chete hurumende asiwo guru tsika umambo.

Pakafa Peter I St. Petersburg handina kurega kukudziridza kuva nyika muzinda, kudarika runako maguta ayo mazhinji mu Europe. Uye hazvishamisi, nokuti muguta vakanga vachiita vavezi vemabwe dzakadaro guru uye ezvivako sezvo Rastrelli, Bazhenov, Velten nezvimwe geniuses vakawanda pasi pose.

Muzana XIX remakore guta raibudirira pakubwinya kwayo zvose. Asi ichi haagumiri nhoroondo St. Petersburg. Muchidimbu pamusoro zvakazoitika, chichava nyaya inotevera.

Petrograd: kurasikirwa hwacho

Muna 1914 Hondo Yenyika First. Russian Empire pamwe England uye France vakabatana mukurwisa Germany uye Austria-Hungary. Musi sefungu uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika yaiva mubvunzo kuti nei zita guru wokuRussia iziviswe mune German nenzira. Saka kwakasarudzwa kuti rename St. Petersburg kuna Petrograd.

Asi zita idzva havana kuramba kuti refu. Muna 1917 makanga ari October Revolution, izvo vakaparadza Russian Empire. On matongo ayo ezvinhu matsva, Soviet Union. Nokuda napedyo nechemberi, hurumende yeSoviet vakatya kuva muSt Petersburg, saka muna 1918 kwakasarudzwa kuti kutamira guru shure kuMoscow.

Asi hazvina kugumisa nhoroondo St. Petersburg. Muchidimbu sei rename guta rino zvakare, uchadzidza zvakawanda.

Leningrad uye St. Petersburg zvakare

Muna 1924, guta akanga mumwe renaming. Zvakange zvakabatana panguva iyoyo pamwe Lenin afa, kuchiva utungamiri Soviet kuti kuchengeta zvaanoyeuka, uye vakawanda mutemo renaming maguta, akatakura mazita youmambo. Saka Petrograd Yakazopiwa zita rokuti Leningrad. A yakafanana zvavaizoitwawo Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinograd, Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinodar uye mamwe maguta kuti kutakura mazita Romanovs.

Munguva Soviet nguva guta akarasikirwa guta guru mamiriro, asi achiri chechipiri pakukura uye chinokosha kugarwa muna USSR. It kumhuka mapurani Soviet werudzii, akazarura nemagariro masangano, kuvakwa mukuru-vosimba dzinogarwa nharaunda itsva.

Kunyange zvazvo Leningrad aiziva uye makore zvinovava. Zvaisiririsa zvikuru kutapwa vagere muguta kwakasimbiswa panguva yokukombwa 1941-1944.

Pakupedzisira, muna 1991 Soviet Union yakadhirika. Izvi akapa pave itsva sefungu renaming nyika. Asi nguva ino, "pamusoro" hapana yaka- manikidzira, sezvo Achanzi guta. Zita vagari vakakumbirwa kusarudza pachavo. Uye referendamu anopfuura 50% kuti Leningrad akasarudza kudzokera zita reguta yepakutanga - St. Petersburg. Milestones isu muchidimbu akafukidza pakudzokorora uku. Asi chinhu chakakosha ndechokuti muguta kurarama mauri vanoberekwa matsva vanhu, zvivako dzinovakwa, kwezvivako ari dzakabudirira.