Ivan Moskvitin: Biography uye kubudirira

The kunoshamisa Russian aiongorora uye mushingi Ivan Moskvitin, achiva mumwe kiyi manhamba kukura East ari Kure kuSiberia, akasiya mashoko shoma pamusoro hwake. Zvachose kuvanzika kwatiri kwete chete mashoko, kuratidza zvinobatanidzwa chitarisiko chake, asi nevazhinji nhoroondo dzeupenyu. Asi, rubatsiro rwake kuti Russia zviri zvikuru kuti nyore Tomsk Cossacks - Ivan Moskvitin mupiro nenzvimbo sayenzi zvechokwadi chaizvo - nokusingaperi akapinda nhoroondo Russia.

Nguva kukunda nyika itsva

Mune thirties zviri XVII remakore yakanga chinoshingaira Kugadzirwa wamboonekwa nyika nhema mhiri Great Ural Mountains. Pokutangira kuti vatsvakurudzi nenguva wakange Yakutsk. Hazvina kubva pano vakatanga rwendo rwavo munzvimbo zvisingazivikanwi vafambi apererwa. The chikuru zvataurwa mapoka rwokufamba akanga vaviri - kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba Lena River. Zvinozivikanwa kuti rizere taiga pamucheto waterways kubvira kare senzira dzinongoitika nzira mashoko.

Ivan Moskvitin, makore oupenyu parwo chete panguva iyi, aiva mumwe nerokuchema misoro iwayo kuti nedoro mhepo unexplored kumicheto. Ainge uye wakadaro - Tomsk Ataman Dmitry Epifanovich Kopal. Hatina kuvapa zororo nerunyerekupe kuti kumwe kumabvazuva pane gungwa inodziya. Zvakaoma kutaura sei rainzi chaizvoizvo kudziya - zvichida nokuwadzana zuva, simuka ipapo mangwanani ose. Asi kusvika pamhenderekedzo ichi, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti urege kuzununguka pamusoro pemvura yorwizi, uye kuti nzira kwayo kuburikidza emakore, untrodden taiga.

Pakutanga rwendo

Uye muna 1637, vaine Boka Cossacks Kopal akatamira kumabvazuva, uye pamwe chete nacho vakaenda shamwari yake - Tomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin. History haana rachengetedzwa kana musi ake akaberekwa, hapana ruzivo pamusoro nzira idzo Jehovha akamutungamirira kuTomsk. Mumwe anogona chete zvokufungidzira pahwaro mhuri zita rake. Mumazuva akare kwakasarudzwa kuti chiremera vanhu panzvimbo yokuberekwa kwavo pachavo, kana avo pakarepo madzitateguru. Saka ingangodaro kufunga kuti kana usingadi Ivan pachake, baba vake uye sekuru vaibva Moscow nyika.

Zvaakanga zvakatanga muna Tomsk, vasvika Yakutsk, uye akaramba kufamba kumabvazuva. Tisati yokunyatsoongorora zvakadzama kudondo, vakashandisawo kutoziva gang. Uchitsvaka "nyika itsva" (sezvo ataurwa zvinyorwa yaitonga), uye kwoushamwari gungwa, vafambi vakaburukira muna 1638, pamwe chete Lena River ayo Aldana inflows, uye pamusoro payo kwemavhiki shanu achikwira, kutamira Struga ake achishandisa tambo uye nematanda. Kuzviita nenzira yakaoma Cossacks asvika muromo mumwe rwizi taiga, akadana May - rworudyi mutero of Aldan.

mashoko okutanga pamusoro Amur River

Pano, ari taiga murenje, vakasangana nemushamani, chaiye - panguva musangano yakadaro yakanga muhurongwa. Achibatsirwa muturikiri Semyon Petrov, kunyanya kubatwa kukupfura nokuda Pakadaro, Kopal akadzidza musango n'anga, kuti rwezasi, chete mhiri muhomba, anotora rwizi hombe, idzo marudzi omunharaunda rinonzi Circolo. Asi chikuru nhau ndechokuti, maererano nevashamani, akararama dzarwo vari vazhinji "akagara", kureva ndakagara vanhu, kuita mombe ruminant uye kurima. Saka kekutanga mambo vanhu vakanzwa pamusoro guru Siberian Amur River.

Asi chinangwa chikuru kunorwa - inodziya gungwa, achiri akadana Cossacks kumabvazuva. In May 1639 Ataman kurongedzerwa kunotsvaka inoenda kuchiva "Sea-Ocean" Vanguard inotungamirwa Ivan Moskvitin akamutswa. Biography kwake saka kukwana uye kutenga panguva chokwadi, zvisinei, reproduces ndataura zvakadzama. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pasi ake murayiro vaiva vatatu dhazeni pamusoro waaivimba uye ruzivo Cossacks. Uyezve, kuvabatsira veawa Guides - Evenki.

Up rwizi Mae

Sezvo pedyo kuti mutevedzeri wake Ivan Moskvitin akatora vagari Yakutsk Cossack Kolobov. zita rake hwanyatsogadzwa munhoroondo nokuti kuti muna 1646 iye ake wepabasa, mambo akapa mushumo zvakanyorwa pamusoro wake mubasa rwokuparidza. Gwaro iri, rinonzi "Skaskiv" rava nhoroondo uchapupu chinokosha zvinhu chokuita Panovhurwa yeGungwa Okhotsk. Munguva kukupfura akapinda uye mushanduri - kare vanotaurwa Simon Petrov.

Saka matongosika bhendi vakaramba nzira kusvikira sandara pasi Mae igwa - guru uye wakapamhama chikepe. Asi dambudziko iri kuti anenge mazana maviri makiromita kure kupfuura nzira zvokumudhonza sorwonzi tambo, kumanikidzwa nzira yake kuburikidza makobvu kumahombekombe mumatenhere. Papera mavhiki rinorema nzira nhanhatu Cossacks asvika mumwe taiga rwizi - rakamanikana uye kudzika Nyudymi.

The nzira kuti muhomba Dzhugdzhur

Pane aifanira kuparadzana huru, asi rinorema uye zveufende igwa, uye kuvaka wandei chiedza mapadza. Ivo vafambi yakasvika rokumusoro rwizi. Panguva nzira Ivan Moskvitin muchidimbu akarondedzera vose vakanga vaona inflows Lena Mai uye Nyudymi, waimira pashure kuronga mepu yacho.

Mberi kwavo kwaiva zvakasvibirira pamberi, akafukidza nemipaini dondo, pasi ngaupfuure muhomba, zita Dzhugdzhur. Izvi yaiva nhano inokosha nzira - seri akaparadzanisa rwizi Kuva Lena maitiro vaya yaiyerera kune avakazviita "gungwa -. Penyanza" Pass Ivan Moskvin nemauto ake akayambuka pazuva, vachisiya gejo, uye akatora navo chete zvisina zvatinoda.

Down parwizi Houllier

On nevakomana yakatenuka ivo zvakare vakasangana rwizi - zvishoma uye kudzika, kuita nenzira wayo kwazvo loop pamberi anobatana Uloy - mumwe Okhotsk Sea Basin. Ndaifanira kutora pamusoro nokuda namatemo, uye kuwirirana zvakare Struga. Asi zvino rwizi pacharo kunobatsira vaifamba. Kana uchiri achikwira rwizi, vaifanira hakumbofi pachangu kuti magwa avo, asi ikozvino, kuenda pasi, unogona kushandisa munhu pfupi zororo.

Mazuva masere mberi hwokufananidzira rikanzwika, achivanyevera rava kusvika pamawere uye ngozi Mangondo, izvo vakaudzwa Guides - Evenki. Avo akazadza murwizi mabwe akatambanudza pamusoro kure, uye zvakare aitofanira nokukanda achangobva akaita gejo, uye pamafudzi mikwende, inosvika kuburikidza safambika taiga. Pamusoro pamatambudziko ari Cossacks nenguva ino aitarisira chikafu uye zadzai reserves ayo tichiregeredza zviwanikwa zvakanga zvisingaiti - rwizi yakanga bezrybnoy, uye napamusoro Mahombekombe ayo akakwanisa kuunganidza shomanana prigorshen michero.

The refu-akamirirwa nzira kuna penyanza

Asi hatiori mwoyo Cossacks, uye muenzaniso wavo aiva Ivan Moskvitin. Makore oupenyu akapedzerwa taiga pamupendero, akamudzidzisa kuti asimbe. Achipfuura nengozi chikamu rwizi, ivo zvakare kuita zvavaisiita chinhu kare - kuvakwa nezvikepe. nguva ino, vakavaka igwa kuti mberi chikwata, uye nokuda vose - guru uye rinorema chokufambisa chikepe, inokwanisa kutakura vanhu matatu rose mutoro rwendo. Nokukurumidza kusvika vakapfuma uye akapfuma hove murwizi Lama. Kana Cossacks vasati vaifanira kudya omuti, uswa uye midzi, zviri ikozvino nguva vade hove kudya.

Mazuva mashanu gare gare, nezvechiitiko chakaitika, rwakazokura chikamu nhoroondo National jogirafi - Ivan Moskvitin nebato ravo rakasvika Gungwa Okhotsk. All nzira kubva pamuromo River yaMay kuti "Sea-Ocean" akanga kukunda mwedzi miviri. Kurangarira kuti akamhanyira kare dzisina ndima, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana kudiwa vafambi hwekazhinji kufanira. Somugumisiro, muna August 1639 vatsvakurudzi Russian kekutanga munhau asvika kumadokero chikamu Pacific Ocean - Gungwa Okhotsk.

Pakutanga chidzidzo Coast

Autumn akauya. Of chando akakumikidza parwizi Houllier, boka Cossacks akaenda kuchamhembe kudzidza uye kutsanangura egungwa. All richitungamirira zviito zvavo rwaiitwa Ivan Moskvitin. Mupiro nenzvimbo sayenzi kuisa mberi pati iyi, akanga kwazvo. Vakanga anokundwa chinhambwe pamusoro mazana mashanu makiromita, umo kurekodha kwakaitika. A chinokosha chikamu mugwagwa zvakaitwa negungwa riri chikepe.

Experience akaratidza kudiwa rwendo urwu akavaka guru uye yakavimbika nemidziyo, uye kumwe kufamba Cossacks akavaka mbiri duku asi simba Koch vakapakata masts uye maseiri. Saka, yechando 1639-1640 makore wakaradzikwa nemavambo wokufananidzira kuvaka Pacific Fleet.

Muzhizha yose bato chikepe gungwa kumaodzanyemba uye ukasvika Sakhalin Bay. Seaway Ivana Moskvitina uye chikwata chake yavewo kurondedzerwa zvakadzama, uyewo nyika yavo kutsvakatsvaka. Mainland kumahombekombe kweGungwa Okhotsk chiuru namazana manomwe makiromita, kokutanga munhoroondo, rakapera uye aidzidza vanhu Russian.

On kumucheto mukuru Siberian rwizi

In rwendo rwake Ivan Moskvitin akauya pedyo muromo Amur River, asi aisagona kupinda mariri. On kuti paiva zvikonzero zviviri - nzara, vakasundira neizvi rehama dzakashinga vatsvakurudzi, vatungamiriri uye nyaya zvikuru hasha hunhu kumahombekombe vanogara. Kuedza kupinda kuonana navo uye nokudaro zadzai mumatanda zvokudya zvakanga nengozi, somugumisiro kudzokera. Muchirimo 1641 ari Cossacks akayambuka wechipiri muhomba Dzhugdzhur, uye akaenda mumwe mutero yorwizi May. Muna July wegore iroro rose bato akadzokera norugare kuna Yakutsk.

Kubva taiga renje - Moscow

Documents iyoyo akashuma kuti Ivan Moskvitin, kuvhurika iyo zvaikosheswa Yakut zviremera, akanga akasimudzira kumaPentecosti, uye ake Cossacks vose kwemakore mana basa uye kushayiwa shoma vakagamuchira - kubva maviri nemashanu rubles. Zvisinei, anokudzwa zvikuru yakanga uyezve atara chimedu jira. Muna 1646 Moskvitina seconded kuMoscow kuti vaudze mambo. Saka kokutanga muguta guru mariri vakadzidza pamusoro rwendo kusvika pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Okhotsk. Ndakauya kumba kushinga mufambi, atova pachinzvimbo chevatatu jinda.

Uchida kukunda nyika ngaizaruke, akakurudzira kutumira guru yokuzviparadzanisa zvombo, rinosvika vanhu hapana asingasviki zviuru gumi nepfuti uye zvokudya zvakakwana. Maererano uchapupu hwake, varikumahombekombe iwayo outsinye vakapfuma mune hove uye mbava mhuka, iyo kwaigona chinokosha kwemari kuti muchivigiro.

Pano, zvichida, uye mashoko ose akasiya Ivan Moskvitin. Makore oupenyu uyu uye rufu vaiva isingazivikanwi, asi nokusingaperi munhoroondo zita rake uye mupiro zvaakaita kukura kuFar East. basa rake rakanga mberi nevamwe vafambi, pakati pavo mumwe kupfuura yakakurumbira yaiva VD Poyarkov. Pasina mubvunzo, Mashoko Ivana Moskvitina uye vateveri vake vaigona kuitwa nemashoko Kristu: ". Tsvakai uye muchawana" Ivo vakaenda kunotsvaka zvausingazivi uye taiga kure, uye ari guru penzvimbo gungwa.