Pokuwa Old Russian wehurumende: kare, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro

Pokuwa Old Russian mamiriro ndechimwe chezvinhu inokosha dzinotsanagura vokutanga Middle Ages. Kuparadzwa Kievan Rus 'akasiya guru mucherechedzo nhoroondo Eastern Slavs uye muEurope. Kupa chaiyo kutanga musi uye magumo kusabatana kwakaoma. The nyika pakukura munyika anoda kusvika 2 emakore Zvaparara, achinyudza muropa hondo uye yaingopambwa dzavatorwa. Bhuku "The pokuwa Old Russian wehurumende: zvishoma" kunodiwa kuverenga munhoroondo yose mumadhipatimendi Soviet Union.

Zviratidzo dambudziko rokutanga

Zvikonzero pokuwa Old Russian mamiriro akafanana zvinokonzera kuwa simba inoti zvenyika yekare. Kuwana rusununguko kubva kuvatongi peguta pasi rakanga chinokosha mberi uye kukura feudalism. Pokutangira anogona kunzi rufu Yaroslava Mudrogo. Tisati kuti Rus yaitongwa zvizvarwa Rurik - mueni on Varyag Kutonga. Nokufamba kwenguva, kutonga imba youmambo akafukidza zvose pasi wehurumende. In guta guru ose vakahwanda mumwe kana mumwe muzukuru muchinda. All vaifanira kubhadhara mutero nepakati uye kurwira kukupfura kana hondo kana kurwisa dzimwe nyika. The nechepakati Zviremera vakasangana muKiev, raiva kwete enyika asiwo nemagariro muzinda Russia.

simba Kiev

Pokuwa Old Russian mamiriro, kwete muduku waiva mugumisiro ari kunetesa Kiev. Kune itsva dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana (somuenzaniso, "kubvira VaViking kuvaGiriki"), akanga pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda guru. Uyewo mumunda dzimwe machinda forays kupinda akazvimirira muArabhu uye akasiya pfuma chakabiwa pachayo, izvo akavabvumira kuva autonomously kubva pakati. Pakafa Yaroslav akazviratidza kuti ari Rurik hwedzinza hombe, uye munhu wose anoda kuva kwakasimba.

vanakomana muduku Grand Duke akafa, rakatanga kuramba tichishanda hondo yevagari. Vanakomana Yaroslav akaedza kugovera pachavo Rus, pakupedzisira kusiya hurumende nechepakati. umambo Several rakaparara nehondo. Izvi rinoshandiswa Polovtsy - a runochengeta vanhu kubva kumaodzanyemba steppes. Vanorwisa uye kukanganisa nyika pamuganhu, nguva imwe neimwe achipindira kupfuurira. machinda akawanda akaedza dzinga kuti vachirwisa, asi hazvina zvazvakabatsira.

World muna Liubech

Vladimir Monomakh sheedzera mumwe guruundano yose machinda Ljubech. Chinangwa chikuru kuunganidza zvipo yokuedza kudzivisa ruvengo kusingaperi uye vanobatana pasi rimwe mureza, kurwisa shure muArabhu. Vose vaivapo vanobvumirana. Asi panguva imwe chete kwakasarudzwa kushandura dzomunyika wokuti Russia. Kubva zvino, muchinda mumwe nomumwe akagamuchira simba rizere pamusoro zvavo. Akanga kunge kubatanidzwa mukuru mishandirapamwe uye rinoronga zvavanoita nevamwe umambo. Asi chakagumisa mutero uye dzimwe mitero pakati.

chibvumirano akadaro kumisa hondo yevagari ropa, asi catalyzed mavambo pokuwa Old Russian mamiriro. Kutaura zvazviri, Kiev hachisisina simba rayo. Asi akaramba tsika muzinda Russia. Vamwe nharaunda yakakamurwa kupinda anenge 15 States "nyika" (zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza kuvapo 12 kusvika 17 idzodzo dzakadaro). Inenge kusvikira pakati remakore rechi12 muna 9 zvemisoro yaiva norugare. chigaro nomumwe vakava nhaka, izvo uchiumba kwaita Dynasties munyika idzi. Between vavakidzani dzaiwanzova noushamwari, uye Muchinda Kiev achiri vaiona "wokutanga pakati kuenzana".

Naizvozvo, nokuti Kiev akatanga chairo. machinda akawanda aigona ushe zvose guru nemaruwa. The Kugara Kuchinja Dynasties siyana zvakaita guta uye munharaunda kuderera. Imwe mienzaniso yokutanga munyika yose zvokuvhoterwa raiva Novgorod kwavabati. Pano ropafadzo vanokudzwa (vigilantes zvizvarwa vakagamuchira nyika) akasimbisa simba yekudyidzana kupesvedzera muchinda. All dzinokosha sarudzo dzakaitwa kanzuru, uye "mutungamiriri" maneja akagoverwa basa.

kubvuta

The yokupedzisira disintegration the Old Russian mamiriro kwakaitika pashure nechisimba eMongolia. Feudal kusabatana vakabatsira pave nomumwe enyika. guta rimwe nerimwe riri kutongwa zvakananga muchinda, iyo, kana munzvimbo, noungwaru anogona govera zvinhu. Izvi zvakabatsira kuvandudza mamiriro zvoupfumi uye chinokosha kukura tsika. Asi panguva imwe chete yekudyidzana ungaderedza kudzivirira nekugona Russia. Pasinei Lyubechesky nyika kakawanda kuitika internecine hondo iyi kana kuti kwavabati. Ivo achishingaira vakakwezvwa madzinza Polovtsian.

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi13 remakore pamusoro Russia akarembedza inotyisa kutyisidzira - nechisimba zviri eMongolia kumabvazuva. By kubvuta uku muArabhu vakanga kugadzirira emakore. Muna 1223 makanga kuzopamba. Chinangwa chacho chaiva ubanguranyika uye familiarization pamwe eRussia uye tsika. Pashure paizvozvo Batu Khan akaronga kurwisa uye kukunda yose Russia. Chokutanga ndechokuti pasi kurwiswa vaiva munyika Ryazan. EMongolia wavo yakaparadzwa kwevhiki dzinoverengeka.

kuparadzwa

EMongolia akabudirira akashandisa womukati ezvinhu Russia. Kweutongi, kunyange zvisina kusiyana nemumwe, vakanga zvachose akazvimirira mutemo uye kwete kukurumidza kubatsira mumwe. Munhu wose akamirira pokukundwa muvakidzani kubata ichi pachavo vabatsirwe. Asi zvinhu zvose zvakachinja pashure zvachose maguta anoverengeka Ryazanschine. The eMongolia vaishandisa pazano vachirwisa mhiri mamiriro. Just kuzopamba akatora chikamu kubva vanhu 300 kusvika 500 zviuru (kusanganisira mauto, basa kubva akakunda ndudzi). Nepo Russia aigona kuisa vanhu hapana vanopfuura zviuru 100 kubva zvose zvemisoro. NecheSalvic mauto akanga ukuru mu zvombo uye nzira. Zvisinei, eMongolia vakaedza kudzivisa akadzika hondo uye vanosarudza nokukurumidza kushamisika kurwiswa. Akakwirira nhamba zvaiita yokunzvenga maguta makuru akasiyana pamakona.

musimbwa

Pasinei kuwirirana mauto 5 kusvika 1, Russ akapa anotyisa kurwisa kuti nechisimba. Mongol Nokurasikirwa vaiva dzakakwirira zvikuru, asi nokukurumidza kukasawedzerwa tichiregeredza vasungwa. Pokuwa Old Russian mamiriro yambomiswa nokuda nenzvimbo machinda nokutyisidzirwa wokuparadzwa zvachose. Asi zvakanga vanyanyononoka. EMongolia nokukurumidza mberi kupinda Russia, vanoparadza mumwe mugove panguva. Mukati 3 Makore 200,000th hondo Batu Khan akamira pamasuo Kiev. Brave Russ akadzivirira nemagariro centre kusvikira ichangopfuura, asi eMongolia vakanga nguva yakawanda. Akatsva uye vakaparadza chose mushure kubatwa kweguta. Saka, yokupedzisira tichibatanidza chokwadi enyika Russian - Kiev - vasisiri kuridza basa kwetsika muzinda. Panguva iyoyo isu vakatanga vachirwisa emadzinza yechiLatvian kungofamba Catholic Order German. Russia havasisipo.

Migumisiro pokuwa Old Russian mamiriro

Pakazopera zana remakore rechi13 kusvika dzose Russia vaiva pasi pokutonga vemamwe marudzi. Zolotaya Orda mutemo kumabvazuva, Lithuania uye Poland - kuMadokero. Zvikonzero pokuwa Old Russian nehurumende manyepo ari kusabatana uye kushaya Kufambisa pakati machinda, uyewo vanoshorwa wokumwe mamiriro enyika. Kuparadzwa ehurumende uye kugara pasi dzimwe kudzvinyirira catalyzed Chido mugowana kubatana dzose Russian. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe umambo simba of Moscow, uye ipapo Russian Empire.