Feudal Hurumende: dzidzo uye kukura

Feudalism akasimuka pakutanga kwezana kare uye neMiddle Ages. Nokuti vakadaro kwegadziriro ukama munzanga aigona kuuya munzira mbiri. Muchiitiko chokutanga feudal mamiriro rinowanikwa panzvimbo yaora muranda wehurumende. Zvakaitika kare Europe. Nzira yechipiri yaiva nzira kuchinja kubva feudalism kusvika chinyakare munharaunda, apo kwamachinda, vatungamiriri kana vakuru vanova varidzi pakukura dzakaoma zviwanikwa - nyika uye zvipfuwo. Saizvozvowo akatanga vakakwirira uye uranda kwayo miduku yokuruwa.

feudalism Education

Pakutanga kwezana yekare uye Ages pemachinda dzemadzinza kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo vakava madzimambo, matare evakuru kutendeukira anofungidzirwa mazano, nevarwi reformat hondo zvachose uye varwi. Kunyange zvazvo mumwe rudzi feudal Hurumende yakatanga yazvo nzira, zvarwo, ichi nhoroondo anga zvakafanana. Dzomudzimu uye kwamachinda vakarasikirwa yekare features, zvinoumba landholdings makuru.

Parallel kusvika kumaruwa munharaunda yakanga yaora uye varimi vakasununguka acharasikirwa. Vakava novimba feudal madzishe kana hurumende pachayo. Chinokosha musiyano pakati pavo uye varanda akarara pakuti nemataundi vanhuwo zvavo vave purazi ravo duku uye dzimwe pachedu zvokushandisa.

vanoparadza vanhuwo zvavo

Zvakafanana kukuvadza kuvimbika munyika feudal kusabatana weHurumende kwakavakirwa pfungwa feudal pfuma. Zvinoitawo anovaka ukama serfs uye landlords - the kutsamira aimbova pamusoro ekupedzisira.

Kudzvinyirirwa imwe kirasi evanhu nomumwe kunze achishandisa rokubva muunganidzwa feudal rendi (pane vatatu mhando annuities). Yokutanga mhando waiva Boon. Kana aifanira kuzadzisa murimi akaisa uwandu basa mazuva pavhiki. The mhando chechipiri - dzinongoitika rents. Naye murimi vaifanira kupa ishe chikamu yokukohwa kwavo (kwakaita Artisan - chezvinhu). Wechitatu mhando yaiva mari rents (kana mari-rendi). Apo varo nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vanhuwo zvavo akabhadhara madzishe currency.

The feudal Hurumende kwaibva kwete chete pane zveupfumi asiwo non-upfumi vanoparadza vaidzvinyirirwa akaturikidzana vemo. Kazhinji kumanikidza kwakadaro wakadururwa kupinda rakavhurika mhirizhonga. Dzimwe mhando vave vakanyorwa uye zvakanyorwa sezvo pamutemo nzira kutyora mutemo. Zviri nemhaka yokutsigira mamiriro simba feudal nemadzishe dzakapfuura emakore akawanda, kana nzvimbo kwoupenyu kwenzanga Kazhinji nemafashamo. The nechepakati Zviremera vari zvakanyatsorongwa kudzvinyirirwa uye akakurira vakawanda, achidzivirira chaiyo uye magariro uye enyika ukuru vakakwirira.

Medieval political akanyatsorongwa

Sei feudal States of Europe dzakanga husingakwanisi matambudziko nguva? Mumwe zvikonzero - a zvacho ukama enyika uye magariro. Kana vanhuwo zvavo vateerere Varidzi, avo, akavapindurawo, kuteerera varidzi zvakatonyanya simba. Manhengatenga zvazvo izvi nguva yake yakanga kuvakwa namambo.

Kuvimbika zvimwe feudal madzishe nevamwe kubvumira kunyange zvakaneta centralized mamiriro kuchengeta nemiganhu yayo. Uyezve, kunyange kana guru Varidzi (madzishe, Counts, machinda) vachinetsana mumwe, vaigona kubatanidza zvakafanana kutyisidzira. Zvazvakadaro, raiwanzoitwa kunze yaingopambwa uye hondo (nechisimba muArabhu muRussia, yokumwe kupindira mune Western Europe). Saka feudal kusabatana mamiriro, ndezvokuti, uye akatsemura nyika, uye akavabatsira vapone njodzi dzakasiyana-siyana.

Uyewo mukati vanhu, uye ari kunze dzakawanda munhandare chezita nechepakati simba ndiyo motokari kufarira haina rudzi, kureva boka mutongo. Muhondo dzose namadzimambo pedyo kuita pasina varwi vakauya kwaari ari muchimiro mapoka wamadzishe vaduku. Madzimambo kazhinji akaenda kwokunze kunetsana chete kuti kugutsa zvinodiwa kwayo vepamusoro. Pakurwisa imwe nyika yakavakidzana madzishe kubirwa uye akaita purofiti, vachisiya pfuma yakakura mubhanhire. Kazhinji uchibatsirwa zvombo kunetsana madzishe uye earls vakabata kudzora kutengeserana mudunhu.

Mitero uye chechi

The zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro feudal wehurumende hwagara kwaisanganisirei kuwedzera ehurumende midziyo. mashandiro iri kuchengeta kubva fines kubva vakawanda, mukuru mitero, mabasa uye mitero. mari yose iyi yakatorwa vagari guta uye mhizha. Saka, kunyange kana ari mugari hakutsamiri pamusoro feudal ishe, aifanira kusiya dzavo zvakanaka pachavo nepakudiwa vaya simba.

Imwe shongwe pamusoro akamira ari feudal mamiriro yaiva chechi. Simba vechitendero kuMiddle Ages kwainzi akaenzana kana kwakatokura simba namambo (mambo kana mambo). Mune zvombo chechi ndiyo pfungwa, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi zvinoreva kuti tinzwe yevagari. Sangano iri kwete chete kuti kudzivirira maonero pachavo zvechitendero, asi akaramba makarindira wehurumende munguva feudal nguva.

Kereke iri rakasiyana kubatana pakati akasiyana zvikamu yakakamukana Ages muvanhu. Zvisinei kuti munhu aiva murimi mudiki, zvechiuto kana feudal ishe, aionekwa muKristu, uye saka kuteerera Papa (kana bhishopi). Ndokusaka Church ine kugona, kusvika chero zvenyika simba.

Religious akanyatsorongwa muchechi kunaka uye aigona kuramba basa iri mundima feudal madzishe, uyo vane kunetsana. Matanho aya kwave kuchibudirira zvishandiso vomanikidza Ages zvematongerwo enyika European. Feudal kusabatana Old Russian mamiriro mupfungwa iyi, zvishoma zvakasiyana nezvinoitwa West. Vatungamiri Orthodox kazhinji kuva vanozoshanda pakati dzinopesana uye anorwisana feudal madzishe.

Kukura feudalism

Rakajairika mune Ages muvanhu enyika yaiva umambo. Ishoma zvokuvhoterwa, vakanga yo zvimwe kumatunhu Germany, Northern Russia uye Northern Italy.

Early feudal mamiriro (V-IX emakore.), Kazhinji, raiva umambo, umo dzaitongwa kirasi feudal yakanga ichangotanga kutora chimiro. Iye vakaungana vakapoteredza simba roumambo. Zvaive munguva iyi vakaumba inoti yokutanga guru Ages European, kusanganisira umambo mafranc.

Madzimambo emakore iwayo akaneta uye chezita nenhamba. vatongi vari pasi pavo (machinda nemachinda) kuziva "muduku", asi chaizvoizvo vakanakidzwa rusununguko. feudal mamiriro inotungamirwa kwakaitika pamwe paumbwe dzenhoroondo feudal akaturikidzana: vaduku Knights, NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi, svikiro uye makuru calculators.

In X-XIII mazana emakore Europe vakanga vaine muranda-liege umambo. Panguva iyi, feudal mamiriro uye kodzero kwakakonzera maruva Ages kugadzirwa ari subsistence upfumi. Kuti kupedzisa zvematongerwo kusabatana. Paiva mutemo kiyi feudal ukama "yava pasi muranda wangu - kwete kwangu muranda". Zvose zvinozivikanwa womunda akanga mitoro chete dzavo pakarepo ishe. Kana feudal achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari kutyora mitemo yake yakanakisisa pane kutarisira zvakanaka, akaipisisa - hondo.

centralization

Muzana XIV remakore, akatanga gadziriro Europe wide centralization simba. Old Russian feudal mamiriro iyi zvisinei akanga ari pazviri Golden Horde, kunyange zvazvo akanga achibika mukati kwaari hondo kubatanidza yakapoteredza imwe kwavabati. Huru vavengi vari yenhamo nebope akava Moscow uye Tver.

Panguva iyoyo kumadokero munyika (France, Germany, Spain) vaiva vokutanga mumiririri miviri: iri States-General, iyo Reichstag, Cortez. Chehurumende iri zvishoma kwakawedzera, uye mambo kusimbiswa ake ose nzanga itsva chidhiraivho. King uye Grand Duke akavimba madhorobha vakawanda, uyewo Zvichakadaro uye dzenhando kwamachinda.

Kuguma feudalism

Varidzi Large, sezvo vangadai kufurirwa achisimbisa madzimambo. Feudal mamiriro Russia akamborara ropa akawanda hondo, kuMoscow machinda asati vakakwanisa kumisa kutonga dzakawanda. pezvakaitwa Similar kwakaitika muEurope uye kunyange mune dzimwe nyika (somuenzaniso, muJapan, apo iye aiva varidzi rake guru).

Feudal kusabatana chinhu chomunguva yakapfuura mune XVI-XVII emakore. Kana ari Europe zvave Mhedziso umambo pamwe wevasungwa zvakakwana simba mumaoko amadzimambo. Vatongi akaita matare, fiscal uye zvemitemo mabasa. Mumaoko avo vaiva guru nyanzvi hondo uye hombe bureaucratic muchina, ravakanga aidzora mamiriro ezvinhu munyika dzavo. miviri Class-mumiririri akarasika kwayo aimbova kukosha. Vamwe zvisaririra feudal ukama muchimiro serfdom akaramba mumusha kusvikira XIX remakore.

utongi hwegutsaruzhinji

Kunze monarchies kuMiddle Ages pakanga revatongi chinoda. Vakanga vachiri mufananidzo yaingowanikwa pakati feudal wehurumende. MuRussia, rokutengesa reRepublic yakaumbwa Novgorod uye muPskov, uye muna Italy - Florence, Venice nemamwe maguta.

Simba guru mavari vaiva seboka matunhu neminisiparati Council, raisanganisira vamiririri veko kwamachinda. Chinonyanya kukosha Kudzorwa vaiva vatengesi, vafundisi, navapfuri vesimbi, uye varidzi vakapfuma. Council kuti akuteerere bhizimisi zvose guta: zvokutengeserana, mauto, nedzenyu, etc ...

Machinda Chamber

Kazhinji, Republic rave nzvimbo zvikuru aizvininipisa. MuGermany vari aiwanzogara nyika zvachose, riri chakada yakabatana guta. Panguva iyoyowo, neimwe feudal zvokuvhoterwa yakanga uchangamire, mari hurongwa, dare, dare, hondo. Panguva musoro mauto (sezvo muPskov uye Novgorod) aigona wakokwa muchinda.

The chinoda Russian aripo Chamber - wakasununguka citywide dare vagari vari kubata mabasa epamba (uye dzimwe nguva dzimwe) mibvunzo. Vakanga Ages matavi hweruzhinji, kunyange vasina kukanzura mukuru nesimba revatongi vepamusoro. Kunyange zvakadaro, nokuvapo siyana zvinodiwa zvakasiyana sectors vokuparidzira zvinowanzoita zvinorwisana maari uye vehurumende kukakavadzana.

Regional zviri feudalism

In dzose zvikuru nyika European racho feudal zvinhu. Vakazvipira kuva kumusha Tsika muranda ukama runoonekwa kuti France, izvo, uyezve, ari IX remakore yaiva pakati vechiFrank Empire. In England klassiske Ages feudalism aiva "kupinza" Norman vakundi muna XI remakore. Gare gare enyika uye zvoupfumi ichi mamwe maitiro kwakasimbiswa muGermany. VokuGermany feudalism kukura vakasangana nevakomana muitiro monarchical kusangana, izvo chamuita muhondo zhinji (pakatarisana muenzaniso ndiko France, apo feudalism rakaumbwa ambotaurwa centralized umambo).

Nei zvakaitika? MuGermany, kutongwa imba yose Hohenstaufen, uyo akaedza kuvaka umambo ane vanachandagwinyira akanyatsorongwa, apo mumwe rezasi Samanai kumusoro vakateerera. Zvisinei, mambo haana nhare dzavo - yakasimba chawo, izvo aizovapa rusununguko zvemari. Korol Fridrih Ndakaedza kuita kudaro monarchic umambo kuchamhembe kweItaly, asi ipapo akauya apesane pamwe Pope. Hondo pakati nechepakati hurumende uye feudal madzishe muGermany rwakatora maviri emakore. Pakupedzisira, muna XIII remakore, The Imperial musoro akava kusarudzwa pane nhaka, kurasikirwa mukana kutonga huru varidzi. Germany kwenguva refu nguva ikava kunzwisisa rezvitsuwa akazvimirira zvemisoro.

Kusiyana hwokumusoro muvakidzani, wokuItaly, pakatangwa feudalism akadzingirira nokukurumidza tifambirane kubvira kumavambo Middle Ages. Munyika ino, sezvo nhaka kare yakaramba yakazvimirira guta matunhu neminisiparati Kutarisirwa, izvo akazova hwaro enyika kusabatana. Kana France, Germany uye Spain pashure pokuwa hweRoma vakanga massively ine dzimwe vaGiriki kuItaly, tsika yakare havana anyangarika. Nokukurumidza, maguta makuru vakava nzvimbo nebasa Mediterranean kutengeserana.

The Church kuItaly aiva mutsivi yekare senatorial vakakwirira. Kazhinji mabhishopi kusvika XI remakore vaiva kiyi venhaka maguta Apennine kweItari. Exclusive simba yeChechi yakanga runozununguswa vatengesi vakapfuma. Vakagadzira madandemutande yoga Municipality, akaripira zvimwewo vakuru akunda dzomumaruwa nemaruwa. Saka akapoteredza maguta akabudirira zvikuru taumba dzavo pfuma pachavo, apo makanzuru vakaunganidza mitero uye tsanga. Somugumisiro pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuItaly kwaive revatongi zvokuvhoterwa kuti akatsemura nyika zvidimbu zvidiki zhinji.