Mechanical mafungu: panobva, Zvivako zviri fomura

Fungidzira kuti zvokuimba chinozunguzirwa, inogona achikanda dombo mumvura. Madenderedzwa yomuka mairi uye vari rakatumbuka zvimwiro uye crests - ndiwo muenzaniso zvemaziso nemafungu. Chii chinonzi hunhu hwavo? Mechanical mafungu - inofanira oscillation kupararira mune kwakavharwa nenyama nevezvenhau.

rirambe richibvira mafungu

zvemaziso mafungu kwakadaro zviripo nokuda sei PARTICIPLE simba intermolecular kusakarongeka emura nerukudzo. Vanhu kare vachidzidza chinonakidza. Most chinozikamwa ndivo gungwa uye gungwa mafungu. With kuwedzera mhepo aimhanya, yochinja, uye kukwirira kwavo kunowedzera. Zvinonzi zvakare kuoma uye chimiro remafungu pachavo. Mugungwa, vanogona kusvika inotyisa zvikuru. Imwe mienzaniso zvikuru pachena ndivo simba tsunami unotsvaira zvose munzira kwayo.

The simba egungwa uye gungwa mafungu

Kusvika pamahombekombe yomugungwa mafungu unopinza kuchinja udzamu inowedzerawo. Dzimwe nguva vanosvika yakakwirira mamita anoverengeka. Panguva dzakadaro, asi kinetic nesimba Tichitarisa guru mvura anotumwa onshore zvipingamupinyi kuti pasi nawo nokukurumidza kuparadzwa. Simba egungwa dzimwe nguva inosvika chikuru tsika.

kwakavharwa nenyama mafungu

In hurongwa kudzidza kwete chete nokufamba mukati mvura pamusoro, asi anonzi kwakavharwa nenyama mafungu. chinovanetsa ichi, izvo akaparadzirwa siyana vezvenhau pasi zvinoitwa kwakavharwa nenyama mauto mavari. perturbation yakadaro chero kutsaudzira kubva tudonhwe svikiro kubva zvakanyatsoenzana chinzvimbo. Muenzaniso wakanaka kwakavharwa nenyama mafungu ane refu tambo kana rabha chubhu dzakabatanidzwa mumwe mugumo kusvikira chinhu. Kana zviri Taut, uye ipapo munhu unopinza kwebasa divi kuumba wechipiri (non-namuka) kugumisa hasha dzaro, tinogona kuona zvose pamusoro "mhanya kuburikidza" nokureba tambo rutsigiro uye fungisisa shure.

Kunobva zvemaziso mafungu

Primary rikavapo tibvunze kuti chinozunguzirwa ezvinhu. It anokonzerwa zvinoitwa muviri yokumwe, izvo wefizikisi rinonzi panobva remafungu. Vanogona kuva rwomunhu, Kuzungunuka tambo kana ibwe akandwe mvura. In Kana apo panobva ane kuitwa pfupi nguva, muna svikiro kazhinji imwe wave. Apo "kukanganisa" kuti refu oscillatory inofamba, mafungu dzinotanga kubuda mumwe pashure perimwe.

Terms of zvemaziso mafungu

Nokufamba ichi mhando hakusi kuumbwa. A chinodiwa Pakuonekwa kwavo pakuonekwa nenguva perturbation svikiro kuvhiringidza iye simba, kunyanya elasticity. Vanotsvaka kuunza pamwe chete vakavakidzana inoramba kana zvakaparadzana, uye achitsausa kubva mumwe panguva convergence. kwakavharwa nenyama simba kuita pamusoro nezvimedu vakanyarara kubva kunobva chinovanetsa, vanotanga muvakweve pakati nepakati. Nokufamba kwenguva, vose makobiri nevezvenhau vanobatanidzwa mune imwe oscillatory zvitange. Mashoko vibrations dzakadaro uye wave.

Mechanical mafungu ane kwakavharwa nenyama svikiro

Munguva kwakavharwa nenyama wave, pane mhando mbiri inofamba panguva imwe chete: kuti oscillations zviri nezvimedu uye riparadzirwe perturbation. It akadana longitudinal zvokuimba wave, iyo inoramba kuzunguza tsandanyama pamwe achitungamirirwa kwayo kupararira. Akadana transverse wave, svikiro nezvimedu iyo siyana munzvimbo yaro achitungamirirwa kupararira.

The ehupfumi pamusoro zvemaziso mafungu

Perturbations ari longitudinal wave chinhu rarefaction uye compression, uye transverse - inochinja (displacements) vamwe akaturikidzana zviri svikiro hama kuna mamwe. Compressive kugozha achabatsirwa kwakavharwa nenyama nemauto. At ichi fura kugozha chokuita nechitarisiko kwakavharwa nenyama mauto chete mune zvinhu zvakaoma. The gaseous uye mvura nhau kusuduruka paiva nhau idzi haina pamwe panowanikwa akati simba. Nokuda ehupfumi ayo, longitudinal mafungu anogona kuparadzira chero nhau, uye muchinjikwa - chete hwakasimba.

Properties mvura mafungu

Mafungu pamusoro mvura pamusoro haana longitudinal kana transverse. Vanonyanya akaoma, vanonzi longitudinal uye transverse hunhu. Panyaya iyi, iyo mvura inoramba vanotama circumferentially kana elongated ellipse. The raundi inofamba pakati nezvimedu panguva mvura pamusoro, uye kunyanya kana vibrations huru dziri pamwe kwavo kunonoka asi kuramba inofamba pamwe kutungamirirwa chinozunguzirwa kupararira. Zviri ehupfumi aya zvemaziso mafungu mvura kunokonzera pakuonekwa pamahombekombe siyana zvomugungwa.

Frequency zvemaziso mafungu

Kana kwakavharwa nenyama svikiro (mvura, yakasimba, gaseous) kutanga kwayo oscillation nezvimedu, nokuda kudyidzana pakati pavo, zvichaita hunopararira pamwe velocity u. Saka, kana mune gaseous kana mvura svikiro zvichava oscillating mumuviri, anotanga kufamba chakasvitswa ose pedyo PARTICIPLE. Vachanzi munyaya muitiro anotevera uye zvichingodaro. Panguva iyi zvose svikiro kuchaita oscillate wakaenzana maitikiro yakaenzana kakawanda pakati oscillating muviri. Ndicho kakawanda chinozunguzirwa. Nemamwe mashoko, ukoshi ichi anganzi ndiye oscillation kakawanda pfungwa dziri mhoteredzo chinozunguzirwa propagates.

Pakarepo zvingasava pachena sei izvi zvinoitika. With zvemaziso mafungu akabatanidza oscillatory inofamba kuchinjirwa simba kubva kwarwakabva kusvikira arikunze yacho svikiro. Panguva iyoyo simuka dzinonzi nguva nenguva deformation chinozunguzirwa vakatakura imwe pfungwa uchienda kune imwe. Mukuita kudaro, tudonhwe svikiro haifambi pamwe wave. Vane mazera pedyo kwayo zvakanyatsoenzana chinzvimbo. Ndokusaka kuparadzira zvemaziso mafungu havasi pamwe kuchinjwa mashoko kubva nenzvimbo. Mugore zvemaziso mafungu frequencies siyana. Saka, vari rakakamurwa zvisungo uye akasika rinokosha pezvose. Kakawanda unotaurwa Hertz (Hz).

chikuru fomura

Zvokuimba wave, kukarukureta payakavakirwa riri nyore, zvichiratidza chinhu kudzidza. The chinozunguzirwa velocity (υ) - iri kufambisa kumhanya mberi kwayo (the locus pfungwa yose iyo oscillation yasvika ezvinhu panguva):

υ = √G / ρ,

apo ρ - arambe achirema of svikiro, G - modulus.

Kana pakuverenga nokukurumidza hakufaniri kuvhiringidzwa zvemaziso mafungu svikiro ine kumhanya kwebasa svikiro inoramba kuti vanobatanidzwa mune chinozunguzirwa kwacho. Saka, somuenzaniso, kurira chinozunguzirwa propagates nomumhepo pa neavhareji kumhanya nokufamba mamorekuru ayo pa 10 m / s, ukuwo acoustic chinozunguzirwa velocity chaiye ezvinhu, ndiwo 330 m / s.

Wavefront anogona kuva mhando dzakasiyana, nyore zvacho:

• idenderedzwa - kunokonzerwa nokufamba mukati gaseous kana mvura svikiro. Chinozunguzirwa amplitude kunodzikira muwanze kure kubva kupi uri inversely Proportional kuti mativi ose nechokure.

Flat • - chinomirira ndege riri perpendicular kune chinozunguzirwa kupararira negwara. It kunoitika Somuenzaniso, mune imwe namahwindo pisitoni humburumbira apo ekupedzisira oscillates. The ndege chinozunguzirwa kunoratidzwa zvinenge kugara amplitude. zvishomanana kuderera ayo kure kubva kunobva kuvhiringidza Rinobatanidzwa ne ukuru viscosity nemvura kana gaseous svikiro.

wavelength

Under wavelength vanoziva chinhambwe kuti kumberi kwayo Uchibviswa munguva iyo akaenzana nguva oscillation of svikiro nezvimedu:

λ = υT = υ / v = 2πυ / ω,

apo T - oscillation nguva, υ - chinozunguzirwa velocity, ω - cyclic kakawanda, ν - kakawanda oscillations ari svikiro Dots.

Sezvo kupararira velocity ari zvokuimba wave chose novimba ehupfumi ari svikiro, kureba kwayo λ munguva kuchinja kubva unosvikirwa mumwe dzinoshandurwa. Panyaya iyi, iyo oscillation kakawanda ν nguva dzose inoramba zvakafanana. Mechanical uye remagetsi mafungu akafanana pakuti kuparadzirwa kwavo rinoitwa panguva simba kutapurirana, asi hapana kuchinjwa nyaya.