Ndiani wenhoroondo: tsanangudzo

Mubvunzo ndiani wenhoroondo, zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa chaizvo chenhau nesayenzi, nekuti zvakadaro munhu ndiye mumiririri wayo mukuru. The peculiarity basa rake kwesayenzi ndechokuti iye ari murume, kudzidza mabasa evanhu uye ukama zvavo. Muchiitiko chino, zvakaoma semusayendisiti kuti chinangwa, kunyanya kudzidza upenyu nzanga pakunamata.

pfungwa

Pakutanga, mubvunzo wokuti ndiani wenhoroondo, vainzwisisa mupfungwa chokurondedzera. Zvechokwadi, panguva kuberekwa historiography sayenzi, vanhu ava havana kudzidza zvakawanda, asi tsanangudzo kare zviitiko. Zvisinei, vanowanzoororwa achiperekedzwa nemabasa avo zvaanorumbidza uye mhinduro, sezvinogona kuonekwa vamwe dzidziso dzekuvamba ongororo yesayenzi. Nechekare vekare vakatanga kubuda kubva pakutsvakurudza tsika akamuka ayo kukura zvizere kuMiddle Ages uye munguva dzazvino. Munguva tsanangudzo ari wenhoroondo, zvinofanira kuonekwa nemamwe maonero. In yokutanga nguva kutaurwa vanyori nezvezvakanaka yepamusoro dzidziso, saka vachiri havagoni kunzi nemasayendisiti ari truest pfungwa shoko. Asi muna 16-17 emakore, akaberekwa rokunyika sayenzi, uye kare rava kuranga chaiyo. Naizvozvo yakachinja chaizvo tsanangudzo kuti wenhoroondo. Zvino, rinoreva munhu basa nesayenzi.

Features

To kunzwisisa mashoko anofanira yakadekara dzakananga tsvakurudzo basa Vanyori. Takatodzidza kutaurwa kuti huru chinhu Ongororo yavo Migumisiro yebasa yevanhu zvacho. Panyaya iyi, ari kuzviitira chinhu chinokosha zvikuru: nekuti kazhinji pakuongorora migumisiro wokupedzisira musayendisiti anopa chiono matambudziko ake. Panyaya iyi, zvikurukuru kwakavakirwa zvaakazvionera oga zvigadziko zvayo wenhau pfungwa. saka Definition shoko vanofanira kufunga yakanatsa chepfungwa nyanzvi basa musayendisiti.

nzira

Achishandisa kare tsvakurudzo zvichengetedzwe zvinyorwa zvekare, ane mashoko anokosha, uyewo zvinhu zvaishandiswa, izvo zvinogona reconstructed womuenzaniso dzimba, zvemumba uye zvichingodaro. D. Naizvozvo, musayendisiti anoshandisa dzakasiyana-siyana unyanzvi uye nzira tsvakurudzo, uye kwete ruyamuro chete, asi zvakasikwa-uye kwemasvomhu Sciences. Saka zvakafanira kuti kufunga chaizvo nesayenzi ichi panguva kutaurwa ani wenhoroondo. Definition of pfungwa iyi inofanira kusanganisira chibvumirano kuti musayendisiti inodzidza kare, kazhinji zvokureva nzira kwete sayenzi chokuita chete.

zvidzidzo

Mune Kushanduka historiographical chirango Pakutanga pfungwa hachishandi vaiva enyika zviitiko. Sezvo ushe, drafters mabasa ekutanga enhoroondo akatsanangura yehondo kuchinja vatongi ayo nyika yakavakidzana, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda zvimwe zvinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Uyezve, vamwe vavo akatsanangura unhu wamadzimambo, madzimambo, vehondo (sezvo Somuenzaniso, yakakurumbira compiler kuti nhoroondo dzeupenyu Plutarch).

Asi pashure imwe nguva, hachishandi vakasvika pakunzwisisa kudiwa pakudzidza nedzimwe: upfumi, magariro, upenyu vanhu pakunamata. Masayendisiti akagadzira chaiwo nzira kuferefeta, uye saka nhoroondo kurondedzerwa apfuura zviitiko akaita rakavapo kuva sainzi. Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti masayendisiti vakasvika pakuziva kukosha chirango chavo. Takatanga kuoneka monograph chaiyo kuti ndiyo nhoroondo.

dzakaitika tsanangudzo kunge siyana chaizvo, asi kwakunoitwa akabvuma pfungwa maonero aiongorora French M. Block.

zvemumba historiography

In nyika yedu, uyewo in Western Europe, nhoroondo nesayenzi rakabva mabasa, izvo akatsanangura zviitiko kubva gore negore (dzimwe historiography yaMakoronike dzinonzi, kwedu sainzi - yaMakoronike). Mumabasa aya yatova zvichibvira kuona kutanga chii akazozivikanwa sezvo ongororo yesayenzi. Vanyori vakawanda kwete chete kuisa kuchabva zviitiko, asi akaedza kutsanangura navo, kuziva zvinokonzera, pamigumisiro uye ona ukoshi. Sezvo munhoroondo nesayenzi muRussia yakatanga muzana remakore rechi18. Wokutanga wenhau-musayendisiti anofunga VN Tatishchev. Akatanga kushandisa nzira kwesainzi, asi akasarudza rondedzero chimiro zvokuratidzira. Sei ake bhuku rakanga zvikuru mutauro uye havasi nyore kunzwisisa zvavo muverengi.

The budiriro chaiyo Russian historiography simbi anoshanda NM Karamzin, uyo akanyora ake basa nesayenzi nyore nyore mutauro chaiko. Kukosha ake "History of Russian State" ndechokuti kupepuka kufarira yakapfuura nyika yedu iri muvanhu.

Development nhau chirango kuRussia

Danho chitsva historiography munyika yedu chokuita nezita SM Solovyov, uyo akatanga kudzidza zviitiko zvekare haasi kuburikidza unhu uye zviito nevatungamiriri chaizvo, kufanana akazotsiviwa ake, uye sezvo dzinongoitika chinangwa kwacho. Pfungwa dzake ehurumende uye kukura vanhu yaiva zvikuru zvesayenzi, sokwakarongwa zvinodiwa itsva kuva wenhoroondo nyanzvi.

Muzvinyorwa zvake chizvarwa chitsva Vatsvakurudzi, vainzwisisa rayo basa sezvo chinozivisa dzinongoitika mitemo kare.

The vateveri inozivikanwa kwazvo pfungwa ake akava Võ Klyuchevskii, zvisinei, izvo, kwakasimbiswa pachake nzira kwayo kutsvakurudza. Saka, munyori wenhoroondo, tsanangudzo yaiva muchidimbu pachena pakudzokorora uku - ndiyo imwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira inokosha munzanga.