Rudiment - uchapupu nhau kukura makemikari nyika

Rudiment - ndiwo muviri, chikuru kukosha iyo rave akarasika mu nedanho shanduka kukura nhengo. Pasi pfungwa iyi zvakare mukati chivako, uye mikana yokuwana zviri zvishoma kana tichienzanisa runoenzanirana hurongwa dzimwe zvinenge. Zvaidavirwa kuti vestigial nhengo hazvibatsiri, asi vazhinji vavo zvino mamwe akavhiyiwa chisingakoshi kana huri nyore kushandisa zvivako, Ungangove arongera zvinangwa zvakawanda zvakaoma.

Strange zvipo kushanduka

By pakutanga okufananidza anatomi XIX remakore, aizivikanwawo okufananidza Morphology, kuumbwa sezvo yakazvimirira utachiona chirango rezvematambudziko mitemo mukuru kukura uye maumbirwo zvomukati nokuenzanisa nekuve zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvokukura embryogenesis. Razova hwaro uchapupu hwevanhu kwakatangira nevamwe vamiririri mhuka nyika. Anatomy akazivisa chete nhengo mu zvinenge zvakasiyana kuti akasiyana pakukura namaumbirwo. kusavapo rakakwana vamwe vavo kana tichishandisa havaratidzi munguva tichienzanisa chete nhengo dzimwe mhando zvave makwapa. Underdeveloped nhengo akasvika pakunzi wokugaya (kubva muchiLatin rudimentum -. "The kwokutanga nguva, rudiment"). Vairatidza asingabatsiri uye vari munzira kuenda kutsakatika.

Rudiment - muviri kuti wakanga waradzikwa mukufamba embryo kukura, asi pakupedzisira vakarega ichishanduka. Ari mukuru fomu munguva yemberi, akaramba ari underdeveloped mamiriro. miviri kwakadaro kana zvikamu wavo anogona kuwanikwa dzinenge dzose mhando dzemhuka yemiti. Tichienzanisa homologous (yakafanana) zvivako zvakafanana zvinenge zvichida underdeveloped kana kushaya zvimwe zvinokosha.

Kune miviri akafanana uye miviri yedu. Somuenzaniso, uchenjeri meno - the rudiment wemunhu. ichi uye miviri dzakadai fungiro wechitatu, kana epicanthus, tailbone, okuwedzera cecum, nzeve tsandanyama, zvichiita mufambo dzavo, bvudzi riri hunde, migumo. In zvachose, muviri womunhu inogona kuverengwa vanopfuura 100. Ndivo zvisaririra iwayo mitumbi kuti vanhu unoenderana yemadzitateguru siyana aiva dzakazara chitarisiko.

Uchapupu nhau kukura makemikari nyika

Vestigial nhengo somugumisiro chero kuchinja dzakapoteredza ezvinhu muchimiro muupenyu imwe mhando anorasikirwa kukosha kwayo nokuti inodzivirira zvishoma nezvishoma kurega basa. Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuramba zvichiitika kunotouraya zvakatungamirira zvinoderedza kukura kwemiviri siyana zvoderedza mabasa avo. In zvinoitirwawo zvikuru kukosha kuti kupona zvipenyu vanosangana kunotouraya vakanga chapedzwa.

Chidziro, riri nedanho kuchaitwa, chokuita pfungwa "zvako kanomirira". ichi chaiyo muitiro-shanduka, iyo yakavakirwa kunotouraya, nhaka nokuchinja vamwe vanhu. In zvinenge vane zvishoma kukura wegadziriro pamutemo correlations (ukama) rinoitwa zvishoma nezvishoma coadaptation nhengo. Zvinotora nzvimbo iri kuti rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa kukosha ukama, yakabatana. Zviri muropa yakawiriranwa dzichipfekeka kwadzakabva ari shanduka kuchinja chero mitumbi mumwe munhu kana boka, uyewo siyana zvipenyu zviri biocenosis.

Saizvozvowo, wokugaya muenzaniso dzevanhu hurongwa anogona kushumira okuwedzera (okuwedzera). Izvi Zvakasara caecum, kamwe kutoitwa muviri yakakura mune zvomudumbu mugadziriro herbivores. mabasa ayo pachena zvakakwana. High internet zvokudya kugaya zvavo kunoda nguva, rimwe bofu outgrowth anomiririra nzvimbo chokuita kugara mairi microflora rinopfuura zvishoma nezvishoma chirimwa digesting cellulose. Nokufamba shanduka, madzibaba edu akatanga kudya zvishoma mafuta uye zvakawanda nyama, izvo zvakaita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma vasanyanye caecum. Ikava rudiment, asi kwete maturo. basa rayo kuramba masoja dzevanhu gadziriro kunokosha zvakakwana. Appendikisi anoramba chepakutanga nemiti muura, ive mazai chenguva duku pakati E. coli. Vanhu vane appendectomy pashure zvirwere zvakawanda zvakaoma kudzokera muupenyu intestinal microflora. Ndokusaka okuwedzera zvinowanzooneka kunzi vorudzii papurazi nokuda maberekero anoshanda tusingaoneki. Pane mhosva kuti kubviswa okuwedzera kunowedzera ngozi anomera ose akaipa hunhu.

Zvokuvamba yemhuka

Nemamwe zvipenyu chiri kunorondedzerwa machinda vakawanda vakafirwa basa ravo mukati mitemo nhoroondo pokumuka zvipenyu uye vari munzira kuenda kutsakatika. Izvi, somuenzaniso, riri pakukora mapfupa abdominal tsandanyama zviri pythons uye hove huru, izvo pedzidziso dzekutanga hadzi maoko nemakumbo. Vestigial nhengo kwemhuka kuti vanogara murima, meso. I flightless shiri wokugaya bapiro mafupa. nemitumbi mizhinji kuti vakafirwa vavo yepakutanga zvinoreva, uye zvirimwa. Saka, pamusoro rhizomes yakagadzirwa semaruva mumupata, gorosi uswa, Fern akawanikwa zviyero, inova dzidziso dzekuvamba mashizha. Muganhu inflorescences Asteraceae pasi rinokudza girazi nyore nyore kunogona kuonekwa abortive Stamens. In staminate maruva wemagaka zvasara nomutswi, zvinowanikwa pakati tubercle - somunhu rudiment. Ava vose nouchapupu hwokuti nhoroondo kukura makemikari nyika.

atavism

Masayendisiti wo oga kuratidzwa mune zvimwe chaiyo zvinhu zvakange yaingowanikwa madzitateguru avo kure, asi ndisipo vari vamiririri pedyo. kuratidzwa yakadaro inonzi atavism. The kupfuura zvinowanzoitika mienzaniso yaro - a caudal manda, fistula huro zvakare iziviswe romusoro, kuvapo dzimwe yegwara mammary omumuviri, uye vamwe. Zviratidzo izvi vakafira mukufamba shanduka, vakawana sezvo isingawanzowanikwi anosara.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzidziso dzekuvamba atavism uye - haasi mungashandisa pfungwa. Zvokuvamba varipo mune zvose vanhu ane rudzi, ivo kugovana zvimwe. Atavism zvinowanika chete mune dzimwe nhengo uye musatakura chero basa. Ivo, Sezvineiwo, harifaniri kuvhiringidzwa zvokukura abnormalities, akasiyana hunhu, akadai mapazi mbabvu, akatsemuka nomuromo, kuti Chiitiko matanhatu-toed uye nevamwe.

All vakawana zvokuvamba uye atavism - chiratidzo, unoenderana mumwe padanho kukura shanduka muti. A uchapupu hwakajeka izvi kuti mitumbi kuti vava maturo kuti muviri inogona kuchengetedzwa kwenguva refu kwenguva, isu kuderedza kuramba collapsing uye mberi nokuda kunotouraya.

In zvipenyu ano uye ikozvino pfungwa adzidze genome zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu. Data pamusoro matangiro wokugaya nhengo kuchabatsira kugadzirisa rimwe kudzvanya mibvunzo pamusoro chii majini anoposhwa pamusoro kana kukurukurirana kwacho kukura uye kuderera kwemitambo wokugaya nhengo.

"Vestigial nhengo" mune zvemichina

Pfungwa zvako kanomirira nenzira yokufananidzira sechinhu Kupona chakajairika akanyangarika uye kushandiswa unyanzvi. Apo zvemichina mberi, pane Ringanidzo pachena pamwe chaivo-shanduka. Panewo anowanzonzi pedzidziso dzekutanga zvenhengo michina, kana zvimwe namano kuti vakafirwa zvazvinoreva panguva ino padariro pakukura imwe gadziriro, asi anopfuurira kuramba kuti kugarisana pamwe ambotaurwa nemitemo. Mienzaniso zvokuvamba mune zvemichina kombiyuta zvinopa Modem, munhu floppy dhisiki nemotokari. In motokari ouinjiniya "vestigial nhengo" ndiro kuvesa zvechizarira, mu ndege muenzaniso wakadaro ndiye zvaitika mirayiridzo Finder.