Sarudzo yehurongwa inzira ye demokarasi

Sarudzo yehurumende ndiyo nzira yakagadzikana yepamutemo yekumirira zvinodiwa nevanhu muhurumende nehurumende. Nzira dzakadaro dzinoumbwa kubva kumatatu makuru: kubva kumitemo yenyika yepamutemo uye nhoroondo yezvekusarudzwa kwevatungamiri vevanhu, kubva kune dzimwe nyika mitemo (mitemo yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda), pamwe chete netsika dzekuona zvematongerwe enyika dzakagadzirwa mune imwe nzvimbo. Pamwe chete, izvi zvikamu zvitatu zvinoumba kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zviripo nekuda kwekushambadzirwa kwekusingaperi kwevatungamiri uye kushanduka kwemupiriririri wepakati pakati nepasi.

Mhedziso yehurongwa hwekusarudza

Mukusayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika, uye mune sayenzi yepamutemo, tsanangudzo mbiri dzehurumende dzehurumende dzakasiyana. Ikutanga inoreva kusanangurwa nekuchengetedzwa kwemitemo yepamutemo yekusarudzwa kwevamiririri vevanhu, sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa. Tsanangudzo yechipiri inoratidza kuti sarudzo yehutori ndiyo tsika yekusimudzira yekuverenga mavhoti pakusarudzwa kwepi zvayo. Zvinhu zviviri zvekuita izvi zvinoratidza. Kutanga, chero sarudzo yekusarudzwa haisi pasi pekuongorora kwakakurumidza. Nokudaro, zvinosvika kuti nzira yekusarudzwa, uye kunyanya kuverenga mavhoti, hazvibvi pane zvinodiwa nemutungamiri wezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti chisarudzo chetsika huru. Chechipiri, hutungamiri uye hutungamiri "zvipembenene" zvinoramba zviri pakati pekodzero dzekodzero uye vanhu vekutanga vevatambi vezvematongerwo enyika. Munharaunda dzevanhu vanoita zvematongerwe enyika, pane kazhinji mamiriro ezvinhu apo mutungamiri wepaguru wepato anopindira mumakakatanwa akavanzika nevamiririri vesangano mumunda, kana zvinangwa zvemufundisi zvinodzivirirwa nematare ehurumende pachayo, nokuti basa revakuru vakuru rinonyanya kuzvimiririra nechisarudzo chavo chezvematongerwo enyika.

Electoral systems muhutano hwavo

Nzira dzekuumbwa kwehurongwa hwekusarudzo dzinodzokera kwete kungoitika kune zvakaitika kare, asiwo kune zvidzidzo zvechitendero. Muenzaniso wekare munyaya iyi ndiEngland, uko bipartisan inotangira mushure mehondo yevagari vemo, yakaratidzwa mukushorwa kwemasangano mapoka e "York" ne "for Lancaster." Kana iri tsika yekupikisana kwechitendero, munyaya iyi, muenzaniso weGermany ndeyekuti - maKaturike, anosarudza rusununguko CDU-CSU nevaPurotesitendi vanonzwira tsitsi nechekupedzisira-wing Social Democrats. Sezvakanaka (kwete zvakanaka uye kwete kuruboshwe) mamwe maitiro, "zvivara" zvinoshanda, izvo zvinomiririra zvinodiwa zvevatsva, "post-capitalist" vhoti.

Chero chii chaive, panguva ino zvitatu zvezvigadziro zvekusarudzwa zvinosarudzwa: zvizhinji, zvakaenzana uye zvakasanganiswa.

Vazhinji sarudzo yehurumende ndiyo sarudzo yedare rimwe chete munharaunda yakatarwa maererano nerwendo rwakatumirwa nemapato uye avo vanonzi vanozvitsaurira ivo. Munhu anokunda muchisarudzo ndiye anogamuchirwa anogamuchira hama kana huwandu huwandu hwevhoti. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, avo vanonzi vazhinji vakagadzikana vanoverengwa, apo muongorori anogamuchira zvinopfuura 2/3 zvevhoti anotorwa sarudzo.

Nhengo dzakasarudzwa dzekusarudzwa ndezvekusarudzwa kwevatungamiri pamusana pezita rakapiwa nemapoka. Panguva imwechete, kuvhota kunogona kuitika kunze kwemapato ("akavharwa" mazita akaumbwa nomusarudzo uye asiri ehurumende kuvhoti), kana kumapato uye akanyora panguva imwe chete ("yakazaruka"). Panguva imwecheteyo, mapato akagamuchira mamwe mapeji emavhoti mumasarudzo anowira musangano rekutonga. Kazhinji izvi zvikamu 3-5, muIsrael 1%, mune dzimwe nyika 7% uye vazhinji. Kuumbwa kwevatongi kunoumbwa maererano neshoko rekuvhota pane zvinyorwa. Nokudaro, zvinoshanduka kuti sarudzo yehurongwa ndiyo nzira yekutendeuka kwevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvisingabvumi kutendesa simba kana simba rawo roga.

Iyo yakavhenganiswa inoreva kusanganiswa kwezvizhinji uye zvirongwa zvekuvhota zvakaenzana. Semuenzaniso, 50% yezvigaro zvinosarudzwa nemapoka ehurumende, uye imwe hafu nevakawanda. Zvisinei, mumatambudziko acho ose, chinonyanya kupiwa kune vakasarudzwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Zvinotendwa kuti sarudzo yehurumende inomiririra zvematongerwo enyika. Uye inogona kugoverwa chete nevatori vemapato kana masangano ehurumende.

Hurumende yeRussia inosarudza sarudzo dzeparamende pamusana penyaya. MuHurumende Duma ndiyo masangano ezvematongerwe enyika akawana zvinopfuura 7% zvevhoti. Nhamba yemasangano yakavharwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumutsarudzo inotevera, yakarongerwa gore ra2016, chisarudzo chokusarudzwa chichaderedzwa kusvika 5%. Zvinokwanisika kuti panguva ino pachava nekumwezve kugadziriswa kunzira yekuvhota.