Sei Mashoko multiple zvaanoreva?

mutauro wedu mupfumi uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Dzimwe nguva, kushandisa chimwe shoko, yatisingafungi pamusoro miganhu zvainonyatsoreva. Tinoziva kuti nyika - ndiro zita redu, uye nyika - ichi chikamu chenyika yacho, nyika, ivhu. Uyewo, isu tose tinoziva kuti nyika - zvose zvakatipoteredza, uye maitiro panguva iyo nyika - iri kushaya kuvengana, hupenyu pasina hondo. Vamwe kududzira semantically yakasiyana, tinoratidza chete lexical dzakabatana, izvo mashoko multiple nezvaanoreva. Ngationei chikonzero.

Nei kuine mashoko anoreva akawanda mumutauro?

Imwe nyanzvi AA Potebnya, uyo akararama XIX remakore, mu monograph ake "Ndaifunga uye Mutauro" akanyora kuti pave nevanhu kutaura anoenda akananga zvikuru abstraktizatsii.

Apo madzibaba edu vakadzidza sei kuti manzwiro avo uye nezvido achishandisa ruzha, havana kuziva kuti geometry uye periodic table, havana kutsaura pakati Dzidziso "zvakaipa" kana "anotyisa," "zvakanaka" kana "kugonesesa." Mashoko okutanga anotaurwa zvinhu, mananara uye manzwiro, kukwanisa kuziva uye kuratidza kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Saizvozvowo, vana vari kudzidzira kutaura, kutanga kushandisa mashoko akadai sa "amai", "baba", "Home", "tafura" nyore, uye chete ipapo kunzwisisa zvachinoreva mutsa, mufaro, ruvengo, hasha.

Munguva kukura rekare tinokwanisa dzevanhu kuti fungidzira uye Analytical mafungiro panodikanwa kuti kukwira zviratidzo itsva ekupedzisira-zuva pfungwa. Dzimwe nguva, sezviratidzo aya anoshandiswa huripo mutauro mashoko, zvisinei, iyo, akapiwa matswa. Asi panguva yokutanga zvinoreva mazwi vakasara. Saka pakanga mashoko akawanda kuti vakawanda zvazvinoreva.

Sezvo nemazvo kuona zviratidzo multiple tsika

In zvemutauro, shoko rine akawanda zvazvinoreva, rinonzi multi-kukosheswa. Zviri izwi wemitauro Russian, uye dzimwe nesayenzi mashoko akadai dzinonzi polysemic (kubva muchiGiriki polis -. "A Mugove" uye semanticos - "rinoreva").

Russian Academician VV Vinogradov akadana polysemy mano mashoko kwokupa zvakasiyana-siyana mashoko pamusoro zvinhu uye mananara mamwe-mitauro chokwadi. Zvinofanira akati kuti zvinoreva kuri mushoko, zviri zvechokwadi-kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro goko inonzi lexical zvaanoreva. Hatina vatopa mienzaniso mashoko kududzira, umo vakawanda lexical nezvaanoreva. Zvisinei, vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti shoko rokuti "rugare" hakusi vaviri, asi nomwe tsika! Unogona kutarisa iyi tsananguro duramazwi Ozhegova.

Polysemy uye homonymy

In zvemutauro, sezvo neimwe sainzi, pane pfungwa, izvo zviri pakati nhaurirano. Somuenzaniso, AA Potebnya uye Jakobson aidavira kuti mashoko multiple zvirevo hakuwaniki, nekuti kana chiratidzo pasi mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu rava kuratidza mumwe chinhu kana chiitiko, zvachose zvakachinja yayo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro tsanga.

Zvisinei, mune zvetsika girama pfungwa pamusoro polysemy uye homonymy vachiri siyana, kunyange paIndaneti mari vari kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mashoko ave akawanda zvazvinoreva, asi kuramba ose dudziro yacho kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro pakati, vamwe pfungwa yokuti ndiyo inokonzera ane lexical chikwata zvivako. Zvinofungirwa kuti polysemous mazwi pane chamazuva tsika, apo haisi homonyms. Somuenzaniso, kondo uye kondo mukicheni, katsamba "G" uye tafura munyu - nayo homonyms, kwete zvakawanda mazwi, nekuti hakuna kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro ukama pakati pavo.

Sei mashoko akawanda

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti polysemy kunoitika muna huru nenzira nhatu:

• With dimikira chinja. Under dimikira rinoreva misha kweshoko, inobva zvakafanana. nyaya dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso: tsanga yegorosi - zviyo chokwadi.
• Achibatsirwa metonymy. By metonymy kunzwisisa kukosha kuchinjwa neshoko rimwe mumwe nemhaka pamberi kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro ukama pakati pfungwa. Somuenzaniso: mundiro yakagadzirwa zvinodhura porcelain - zvinonaka chili French.
• Pachishandiswa synecdoche. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti synecdoche ane mhosva chinokosha metonymy. Inonzi kuchinjwa musoro rose. Somuenzaniso: kuti "chizvarwa musha" pane "mhuri musha" uye "kumusha kubva America" pane "kudzoka kuRussia" (kana tine pfungwa iri kuuya munyika yavo, uye kwete zvakananga kumba kwake kubva womumwe imba).

Mienzaniso zvakawanda mazwi

Zvinogona vakafunga kuti zita redu - Earth - azviratidza kechipiri panyika okuremekedza ivhu. Pashure pezvose, vanhu uye mhuka, pane panyika, chaizvoizvo yavo dzinogarisana chipo. Uye zita nyika chakaumbwa metonymic kuchinjwa, kureva, kubva pakunzi pemvura zvaitambidzwa yose yose. isuwo vanoti, somuenzaniso, kirasi anonyatsoteerera mudzidzisi, zvichireva haisi kamuri, asi achiri vaaidzidzisa.

Mahabhurosi yatinoti michero uye gwenzi pairi vanokura. Polysemy hunovapo pahwaro synecdoche. Asi kwezuva nezuva zvinoreva "razibheri" - "bako remakororo," Asi, mumwe homonym mamwe maviri mienzaniso kushandiswa kwayo.

Ko shoko "kunyaradza"?

Uchaita kukwanisa kuudza pakarepo - imwe kana kupfuura tsika ine shoko "kunyaradza"? Kubva kosi chikoro wokuRussia mutauro wose anoziva kuti atumidzwa chikamu shoko anotangira mudzi uye anoshanda kuchinja ukoshi lexical chimwe. Zviri pazita Rinobva pachiito "kuti kuramba ', uye chaizvoizvo kunoda zvose" zviri atarisire ", inomira pedyo chinhu.

maviri kurehwa shoko mumaduramazwi mutauro wokuRussia yakati:

• tepi kunyaradza, unowedzera simba inzwi;
• morpheme chivakashure;
• uyewo chivakashure makore 10-15 apfuura akadana rinokosha ezvinhu chaivo mitambo.

Mitauro puns kwakavakirwa unoreva zvakawanda uye homonymy

In ose mutauro yakatanga ane mashoko chienderane chimiro, asi pamwe nedudziro. Tikafunga lexical zvinhu mu rugwaro chinoshandiswa kuumba enyambo zvazviri, shoko mitambo - pun. Edza kutsanangura chii chinoita enyambo mugumisiro zvinotevera mashoko:

• Mowed oblique ruka.
• Iye stoked chitofu usiku hwose. By mangwanani iye vakanyura.
• Kudzokorora isu kudzokorora.
• Akadzidza ndima uye ndima.

In izvi mitsara enyambo kushanda anobva homonymy vamwe siyana mashoko. Asi panguva imwe chete lexical chimiro lexical dzakabatana idzi akasiyana. Saka, muna muenzaniso wekutanga, vachishandisa shoko "akacheka", "oblique", "mate". "Oblique" somunhu chipauro rinoreva "gogonera", "munyonga" uye "skew" sechinhu pazita - munhu kwezuva nezuva kutumidza munhu tsuro. In muenzaniso wechipiri inoshandisa unoreva zvakawanda shoko "singi": Kindle Fire, zvikuru Kunyudzwa mumvura. In muenzaniso rechitatu, muchidya homonyms: zviri chihwenga sechinhu pazita - zita kweshiri, mumwe chihwenga somunhu inotodiwa rechiito "kutyisidzira." Pakupedzisira, muna chechina muenzaniso pun inobva masanga ari marudzi zvatoitika rechiito "kuti abate" uye rokuti ari nominative mhosva "V" (mutsetse munhetembo).

Hazvisi nyore kunzwisisa nguva dzose, mumwe kana kupfuura tsika mashoko. Mudzi zviratidzo uye kuongorora mashoko akapoteredza kushandiswa kunogona kubatsira kuona Aikoshesa homonymous kana vanoonekwa chinhu chimwe.

Exercise pamusoro dudziro zvakawanda mazwi tsika

Task: Tarisa pasi apa uye edza pachavo kuziva tsika imwe kana kupfuura inosimbiswa mazwi: wenguo, kuti gava, motokari, mugwagwa, ruoko, tsanga. Tsanangura sarudzo yako. How Entries zhinji unogona kusarudza kuti shoko rimwe nerimwe?

Mashoko akawanda lexical zvirevo zvose izvi:

• Wenguo akadana nguvo, uyewo kwakavakirwa apo akachengetwa.
• Fox - mhuka uye panguva imwe chete oumhizha murume. The unoreva zvakawanda kubva rakavapo kubva chokwadi kuti kare (uye mumisha - uye ikozvino) makava usiku, apo pasina munhu anoona, rakapinda mudzimba uye matura kuba zvokudya zvevanhu.
• Machine - motokari ichi, uye michina midziyo.
• The nzira - ndiwo mugwagwa nyika, uye mhepo chokufambisa, uye upenyu sedimikira hwevanhu.
• Hand - chikamu muviri uye kunyora.
• The tsanga - ichi chinokosha chinhu, uye nheyo chero kufamba, akadai kuhondo.

Several hurukuro pfungwa

Tarisa mitsara pazasi. Ungafungidzira chii chinobatanidza:

1. nzvimbo imwe Wenyika, uye mufushwa;
2. nemwaranzi kubva zuva kirasi vairemekedzwa;
3. ukama hwevakaroorana uye havaratidzi akaita nhumbi;
4. kanyika nyika mugungwa, uye kuzvikudza Russian runako;
5. rwizi hove uye bhurasho yokugeza ndiro.

Mhinduro: Ambassador; chiedza; muchato; Xhosa; Ruff.

Unofunga chero mienzaniso aya homonyms uye izvo - kuti unoreva zvakawanda? Words multiple tsika vakasiyana homonyms pamberi inonzwisisika-kubatana pakati zvakasiyana kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro pfungwa. Example №2 ukama hunobva enzaniso chete behind the Earth, uye vakuru pamusaka dzidzo yavo uye kukura ndiko chindori munzanga. Ari muenzaniso №5 kubatana pakati hove uye mumakwenzi hwakavakirwa metonymy, nekuti rokunze chimiro mumakwenzi chakafanana hove. Mienzaniso Vanos 1, 3, 4 yakavakirwa homonyms.

Saka, takazoziva kuti shoko rine zvirevo zvakawanda, rinonzi multi-vanokosheswa, kana polysemic. Asi unoreva zvakawanda izvi chinodiwa kuti kukwanisa kusiyanisa kubva homonyms. Kana pakati mashoko multiple zvirevo akaponesa chero kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kubatana pakati homonyms vasingadaro.