Shock jekiseni muRussia muna 1992

Imwe yakakurumbira zviitiko mudzimai upfumi gumi okupedzisira ezana remakore rapfuura rakanga vanonzi kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992). Muchidimbu, izwi rinoreva kutaridza okunyanyisa matanho zvainanga unoponesa upfumi. Munyika dzakasiyana, chokushandisa ichi akanga kunosiyana madhigirii kubudirira. Sezvo pachena kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992), chii, kworudzii aaiitawo yave kushandisa nzira iyi kuti hurumende? Izvi uye zvimwe nyaya uye achava nenyaya pakutsvakurudza yedu.

Zvinoitwa pfungwa

Asati atendeuka kuti mashoko vachifambidzana Chiitiko nehana mishonga muRussia muna 1992, ngationei muudzame zvinodzidziswa rinoreva.

At chinoumba kuvhunduka mishonga iri kutaridza nzwisisika matanho, yakaitirwa kubatsira nokukurumidza mbudo kubva dambudziko wehurumende. Asi zvinosuwisa kwete nguva dzose, nezviyero izvi vane Chaizvoizvo izvo zvinotarisirwa kwavari, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, kukodzera kushandiswa vavo kunyange kutowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu.

Nokuti hwokufananidzira akagadzirwa mabasa panguva kuvhunduka mishonga zvinosanganisira:

• zvinoderedza nhamba yemabhuku mari wechiGeorgian;
• pakarepo chikumbiro vakasununguka Pricing;
• kuitwa pakati nepakati bhajeti;
• chinokosha zvinoderedza mwero mitengo;
• privatization vamwe emakambani ehurumende-anazvo.

Shock mushonga mu Russia (1992) akanga asiri oga muenzaniso Implementation wenyika huchashandiswa ichi munhoroondo yenyika. Wakaisa ichi zviyero inoshandiswa munyika dzakasiyana sezvo mangwanani uye gare gare.

Post-hondo Germany uye vemazuva Poland - imwe mienzaniso inozivikanwa kwazvo anobudirira pokushandisa nzira. Asi nyika dzaiumba Soviet Union uye Latin America (Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela) kuvhunduka kurapa kwakadaro unequivocal haana kubudirira, kunyange zvazvo, hapana mubvunzo, kakawanda vakabatsira kuti chidzoke rekuva zvoupfumi kwendangariro. zviyero vaibudirira zvakafanana avo kuchizvivanza yedu kudzidza, pane kunge pane imwe nguva iri UK, New Zealand, Israeri uye dzimwe nyika.

The chikuru zvakanakira nzira nehana ARV kuonekwa kwayo yose sezvakaita uye vade yakakwirira mwero kweShanduro achida mugumisiro. Mashoko akaipa panzvimbo yokutanga, zvinoita kutakura nekaupenyu yakakwirira ngozi uye kuderera mune kurarama nemitemo iri pfupi.

yapfuura zviitiko

Zvino ngationei iyo zviitiko zvoupfumi uye enyika upenyu, vakamanikidza hurumende kushandisa chombo akadai kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992).

Mugumo 80 - mangwanani 90-ies aizivikanwa akadaro chiitiko inoshanda, sezvo kuparara Soviet Union. Fani iyi kukonzerwa zvinhu zvinoverengeka, zvose enyika uye zvoupfumi.

Mumwe mukuru preconditions kuti kuparara Soviet Union yakanga inefficiency ari kuitika zvoupfumi womuenzaniso, iyo yakavakirwa murayiro-administrative utariri. Kudiwa nokuchinja hurumende yeSoviet vakaziva pakati pezana 80s. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, zvakaoma kuchinja kwoupfumi uye enyika, inozivikanwa se "perestroika" yakaitwa, wakange zvainanga democratization pamusoro kwenzanga uye pakatanga zvinhu pamusika zvigadziriswe munyika upfumi. Asi zvinhu izvi zvakanga hafu mikukutu, uye vakasagona kugadzirisa matambudziko Makawana, asi chete kuwedzerwa zvinhu.

Pashure pokuwa USSR ezvinhu kuRussia zvoupfumi atanga kuderera zvakatonyanya, izvo zvakonzerawo kuti decoupling vaimbova dzeSoviet. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakadai wemutungamiri wehurumende kuti Economic Policy Egor Gaydar aidavira kuti Russia ndiyo yava kuda nenzara nokuda zvokudya zvinovhiringidza.

Hurumende, inotungamirirwa Borisom Eltsinym, aiziva kuti nyika yaida pakarepo kukuru kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa, uye hafu-nezviyero kwete achabatsira munyika aripo mamiriro ezvinhu. Chete paakatora zvikuru matanho kunogona kuvandudza upfumi. Shock jekiseni muRussia muna 1992 chete akava chishandiso kuti akaitirwa kuunza mamiriro yedambudziko.

kutanga matanho

Danho rokutanga, iyo kwakatangwa pamwe kuvhunduka mishonga kuRussia (1992), aiva mazvake kuti mitengo. Izvi zvaireva kuti paumbwe imwe kukosha zvinhu uye mabasa kuburikidza musika zvigadziriswe. Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu akarara pakuti kusvikira panguva yaishandiswa paumbwe hurumende mutemo mitengo nekuda ruzhinji zvigadzirwa, saka kamwe yezwi vakasununguka Pricing kwakanga ndakasimba yakavhundutsa emari yose.

Kutaura nezvomukana pakatanga vakasununguka mitengo vakatanga kusviba mumwe Soviet Union mukupera 80s, asi matanho akakomba mirayiridzo iyi, hazvina akauya. Zvinhu yakanga kuoma ndechokuti paiva mubvunzo nezvomukana paumbwe vakasununguka mitengo iri ezvinhu hupfumi womuenzaniso, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva Russia.

Kunyange zvakadaro, muna December 1991, zvakanga akagamuchira Hurumende of RSFSR pamusoro mazvake pakati mitengo, vakatora zvazviri kubvira pakutanga January 1992. Izvi zvakanga zvikurukuru kumanikidzwa danho, kubva pakatanga matanho pakutanga aronga kuti pakati-1992. Asi zvokudya zvinetso nenzara, dzakamanikidzwa kukurumidza nechisarudzo. Saka, kushanda pasuru zviyero, kuzivikanwa kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992) rakapiwa.

Dambudziko chete yokushomeka kwezvokudya uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kwave kukurirwa, asi kuunzwa akasununguka Pricing rakanga ratanga hyperinflation, izvo zvakazoita kuti chinokosha zvinoderedza chaiyo mari uye kunyange impoverishment vamwe nzanga.

Changes dzimwe zvokutengeserana

Price mazvake haasi chete utsanzi panguva. Panguva iyoyo zvakaitika uye mazvake vemamwe kutengeserana. The kusaenzana mitengo mudzimai uye dzakawanda kumusika zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti sangano vaiita dzimwe zvokutengeserana vakatanga kuita zvikuru purofiti. Zvakanga zvisiri zvinobatsira kuti mari iri kugadzirwa, uye kuita Resale pamusoro mbishi zvinhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nokuwedzera uori uye mumisasa kuti guta rinokosha mumaoko evanhu, vakanga kwapera kunzi oligarchs.

Achifumira mitengo, utsotsi hwakapararira uye uori pave kunzwa kuti kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992) - iri nzira kwakadzikadzika.

Gaidar hurumende

Huru kukonzera zvokuchinja aiva muduku enyika Yegor Gaidar, uyo rave vakabata nzvimbo Deputy Prime Minister nokuti Economic Affairs, Gurukota rezvemari uye First mutevedzeri sachigaro Government. Sezvo June 1992, nokuti kuti purezidhendi weRussia vaisagona chokubatanidza zvakawanda uye pambiru wehurumende, Yegor Gaidar akagadzwa nokuita ari mukuru. The cabinet vaisanganisira vanochinja akadai Vladimir Shumeyko, Alexander Shokhin, Andrei Nechayev, Grigoriy Hizha, Anatoly Chubais, Peter avheni, uye vamwe.

Raiva hurumende, tasked pamwe kuita anokosha nokuda Russian zvoupfumi kuchinja.

Matanho chikuru hurumende

Ngatimboonai anokosha akatorwa nehurumende Russia iyoyo aite kuchinja matanho. Kuwedzera mazvake pakati mitengo uye vatorwa zvokutengeserana, pano zvinosanganisira kuchinja kubva kune vakaronga upfumi kuti hurumende hurongwa, pakatanga pamusika misimboti zvoupfumi ukama, paumbwe mutero basa, kuti tibu- convertibility ari Ruble, rubatso vakasununguka zvokutengeserana, zvinoderedza kuti bhajeti havashandisi mari yakawanda, kutanga yomutero hurongwa, uye zvakawanda.

Tinogona kutaura kuti panguva ino vakaumba huru pokutangira pfungwa kuti kukura ane upfumi ano.

privatization

Mumwe dzinokosha pamusoro nzira nehana mishonga ndiyo privatization wehurumende Enterprises. Kunyange zvazvo iye akatendeukira chirwirangwe chete muna 1993, mushure yokurega pamusoro Egora Gaydara, asi kuti hofisi yake yave nheyo chiitiko ichi chinokosha uye akataura matanho anokosha kuti kuzadzisa chinangwa.

zviri privatization mutemo wakadzikwa muna muzhizha 1991, asi chete kubva pakutanga gore rakatevera vakatanga kuva nzira Implementation uyu muitiro. Okutanga zviitiko privatization wehurumende pfuma vari kubhururuka muna 1992. Zvikuru kwazvo tichimhanya anowanikwa muna 1993-1995. Panguva ino, musoro State Property Committee akanga Anatoly Chubais, saka zvakanga zita rake inobatanidzwa privatization, uye kutanga kwayo migumisiro yakaipa. Sei?

The peculiarity yeRussian privatization yakanga kuti zvinogona kuva wose vagari munyika iyo chaiyo mhando kuchengetedzeka yakapiwa musi ake - vouchers, kana vouchers. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti chero mugari achakwanisa kutenga chikamu boka, riri pasi kubviswa kubva kuruzhinji pfuma.

The privatization wehurumende pfuma yave chinokosha pamusoro mashandiro nawo kuitwa kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992). ayo kumusoro kuwana pane zvakawanda. Kudivi rimwe, hurumende akakwanisa kubvisa dzakawanda kurasikirwa rokuita emakambani, saka hwokusunungura mari zvimwe zvinangwa budgetary, asi panguva imwe chete kuti rwiyo akatengesa nhamba masangano, izvo zvinogona kuunza wandei purofiti mudane utungamiri. Most akaitwa idzi kusimbiswa mumaoko boka duku oligarchs.

Gaidar kuti hurumende kurizaina

Kana zvinhu, mitengo hakuiti kumboderera dzichimhanya uye chaiye mararamiro vomuUmambo kunokonzeresa vakaurawa. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti hurumende Gaidar chiri kuramba kurasikirwa kukurumbira pakati yevagari.

Gaidar aiva mugove vavengi pakati enyika uye mune zvematongerwe vepamusoro. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti December 1992, Congress of vanhu vevatariri chaizvoizvo vakaratidza haavimbi musoro wehurumende. President Boris Yeltsin akamanikidzwa ndimutume kusiya ake nembiru zvose, uye sachigaro Council of Vashumiri akagadzwa Viktor Chernomyrdin.

Ndinoda kucherechedza zvinotevera: kunyange Gaidar akakwanisa embody muupenyu haisi pfungwa dzake dzose, asi mukuru nzira pakukura mumusika upfumi rehurumende nayo yakatogadzirwa.

Zvakabuda kushandiswa kuvhunduka mishonga

Zvikuru zvakawanda zvabuda nokuti nyika yakanga pokushandisa hupfumi mashandiro sezvo kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992). Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira iri pfupi anonyatsoratidza pamusoro kuwanda nemigumisiro.

Pakati huru yaivhuvhuta zviitiko vanofanira govera kuwedzera mitengo, inoganhurana hyperinflation, akurumidze kuderera mune chaiyo mari vomuUmambo uye impoverishment chavagari, kuwedzera pakakoromoka pakati akasiyana sectors munzanga, akawira mari, kuderera GDP uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa.

Panguva iyoyowo, vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanofunga kuti ndiyo kuburikidza kushandiswa kuvhunduka mishonga Russia akakwanisa kunzvenga anotyisa ruyamuro njodzi uye nzara.

Zvikonzero kukundikana

The hama kukundikana kushandisa kuvhunduka mishonga muRussia nokuti kuti kwete zvinhu zvose dzekare zano Dzaiteverwa chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, kuti kuvhunduka kurapa nzira hunosanganisira rutapudzo ari mitengo mwero, uye kuRussia, nekusiyana, zvasvika kumboitika zvikuru pamberi.

A rinokosha pakuita kukundikana ndechokuti, nokuda yokurega pakati hurumende Gaidar zvinhu zvakawanda hazvina kuvakwa nenzira pfupi zvichibvira nguva, sezvo waiti nzira nehana mishonga.

migumisiro

Asi chose vakakundikana kana kuvhunduka kurapa mu Russia (1992)? Refu migumisiro zvinhu izvi vachiri yakanaka inoverengeka pfungwa. nheyo musika mashandiro akanga avete pasi, iyo, kunyange zvazvo asina kutanga kushanda sezvo zvakanyanya sezvo zvichiita, asi akabvumira kumedura tsaru murayiro-administrative nzira management, refu-izzhivshimi pachavo.

Uyezve, akanga kukurira anenge zvachose akadaro asina mananara sezvo kwezvokudya, uye mangwanani 1998 zvikuru ungaderedza mwero mitengo, izvo akabvumira Ruble sangano.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti nenguva kuvhunduka kurapa, kunyange kana kwete ayo dzekare chimiro, akabatsira kuchengeta upfumi munyika uye akasika preconditions kuti kukura kwayo pakutanga XXI remakore.