Economic munharaunda Eastern kweSiberia: nyaya, okunze, zvinokosha pfuma, vagari

Economic munharaunda East kweSiberia - rimwe remasangano uye chinokosha pamusoro 12 miganhu zviumbu zvakafanana pakati Russian Federation. With zvayo yakakura zviwanikwa uye zvoupfumi zvakawanda zvinokosha kukura kwezvivako munyika. Ndeipi upfumi munharaunda Eastern kweSiberia, apo riri, chii zvinhu kwave uye chii zvimwe zvayo? Ngatitorei kunyatsoongorora nyaya idzi.

nzvimbo

Geographical nzvimbo - chinhu chokutanga kuti anofanira kuteerera. Ichi chinhu chinokosha kuti yakafurira zvose dzinotaurwa nharaunda uye upfumi hwayo.

Economic munharaunda Eastern kweSiberia iri mune yokuAsia chikamu Russian Federation. It anopindura huru nzvimbo nenzvimbo nharaunda kuSiberia. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi kwoupfumi munharaunda munharaunda yakakura anenge kufanana kuna Siberian Federal District. The dunhu haibatanidzi chete vamwe Western Federal District.

East-Siberian nharaunda kumadokero kwayo pamuganhu pamwe West Siberian zvoupfumi nharaunda, kumabvazuva - pamwe East Far, kumaodzanyemba muganhu pakati Russia uye China uye Mongolia. North nzvimbo kushambidzwa nemvura kweArctic Ocean.

Economic Region East-Siberian ane nzvimbo 4.123.000 km ^2. Izvi kupfuura chete kukura of Far Eastern nharaunda zvoupfumi.

Ndivo nenzvimbo nzvimbo miganhu vamapoka Russia.

administrative kupesana

Zvino wakaisa vanotongwa East Siberian nharaunda zvoupfumi. Rakakamurwa administrative munzvimbo nhanhatu:

• Republic of Khakassia.
• Republic of Tyva.
• Republic of Buryatia.
• Irkutsk nharaunda.
• Krasnoyarsk Territory.
• Trans-Baikal Territory.

nharaunda rega rega, rakakamurwa administrative kumatunhu.

The Kudeuka dunhu - Krasnoyarsk nharaunda. nzvimbo yacho 2366.797 ba. M. km riri wechipiri soro mushure Yakutia pakati vose vanotongwa Federation. Ipapo kukura nharaunda vanofanira kuva Trans-Baikal Territory, nyika Irkutsk nharaunda uye Buryatia. Pamepu, unogona nemaziso kuona nhamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana vatambi hupfumi munharaunda Federation. Zviduku kukura kwenzvimbo ine Khakasiia (61,600? Km ^2.).

District administrative nzvimbo vanotongwa Federation:

• Abakan (Khakassia).
• Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory).
• Kyzyl (Tyva).
• Ulan Ude (Buriatia).
• Chita (Trans-Baikal Territory).
• Irkutsk (Irkutsk nharaunda).

Mumwe nomumwe nemisha izvi ndicho chatinonyanya kukosha kuti nharaunda. Aya ndiwo maguta ndinogona kudada kweSiberia. Krasnoyarsk - kupfuura guta rino zvoupfumi munharaunda. Kuwanda Vagari mairi kupfuura vanhu miriyoni. Uyezve, zviri kunzi musimboti zvoupfumi nharaunda.

Climate

A wandei Kureba kumaodzanyemba kwaiva chikonzero vakawandisa okunze munyika dzine munharaunda yacho tumisoro.

Pazvitsuwa kweArctic Ocean yaiva arctic gwenga mumwe yakadereresa tembiricha neChikomonisiti Panyika. Snow pabutiro uri gore rose pano. Pedyo kumahombekombe penyanza ndiyo achinaya mvura wongoramba. Paavhareji tembiricha iri January, pane -36 ° C. Pamusoro gore pane mazuva kanenge makumi mana, umo tembiricha kwazvo 10 ° C. Nguva iyi anonzi zhizha. It iri chete kumaodzanyemba achinaya mvura nezvinomera pasi, inotonhorera yechirimo uye chando chakanyanyisa.

Uyezve rokumaodzanyemba anofanira taiga. mapazi ichi anopindura chikuru chikamu zvoupfumi nharaunda. Its runoratidza ndiyo zvinomera gobvu akurukurwa miti anonyanya yakareba. Summers pano zvinopisa uye yechando hasha.

Kumaodzanyemba vari rave inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa zvikamu. Vakamira kunze inopisa muzhizha uye nekaupenyu chando chakanyanyisa. In inowanzorimwa chirimo Falls zviduku kunaya, uye uswa chinosanganisira yakaderera-kukura zvirimwa. Asi zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa mapazi anopindura chaizvo nzvimbo diki.

Uyewo, mumakomo, pane nzvimbo altitudinal munyika dzine kuti vane zvakananga okunze maitiro.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nharaunda iyi yemari kuchiratidzwa inopinza Continental mhando okunze. Izvi imhaka rebei kure inodziya munyanza. Saka, mazuva ose uye wepagore tembiricha nokufamba muruwa iwayo chinokosha.

zviwanikwa

Zviwanikwa vokuMabvazuva Siberian upfumi nharaunda anozivikanwa chaizvo hombe siyana uye bhuku mumatanda.

Munzvimbo mune guru deposits ose lignite uye zvakaoma marasha, ndarama, mafuta, simbi, polymetallic uye mhangura-nickel ores. Panewo matura asbestos, graphite, munyu, talc uye Mika.

Asi chikuru nzvimbo zvoupfumi pfuma - yakawanda nemasango. Nokuti chakarurama ichi, hune utungamiriri pakati miganhu hurongwa saizvozvo Russia.

reservoirs

The zviwanikwa zvinosanganisira zvakawanda nzizi uye madhamu. Munguva upfumi, vari kushandiswa kwete chete nokuda hove uye hove kurima, asi uyewo chokufambisa tsinga, uyewo mungabva magetsi.

Pakati mikuru miviri mvura inofanira dzinounzwa Lake Baikal. Ndicho gobvu nyanza munyika. The kunonyanyisa udzamu ndiyo 1642 m. Uyezve, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nerubatsiro mvura yakachena ari dura kusvika 19% yenyika yose.

Pakati penzizi Zvakakodzera kusarudza zvikuru refu Russian Lena River (4,400 km), kuti Yenisei uye Amur. Uyezve, mvura huru mabhuku vari nzizi akadai yakaderera Tungusska, Hatanga, Selenga, pamaware Tunguska. rwizi Very zvinokosha upfumi munyika ndiro Angara, iro rinobatanidza Baikal uye Yenisei. rwizi Iri dungwerungwe Hydroelectric simba pazviteshi, kusanganisira Bratsk Hydroelectric chirimwa, inobereka hombe yakawanda magetsi.

uwandu hwevanhu weruwa

Vagari akadzidza ari upfumi munharaunda mamiriyoni 8.4. People. Vagari arambe achirema pano mumwe chepasipasi Russia, uye anenge 2 vanhu. 1 ba. ? km. Zvinotevera mufananidzo chete Far East mudunhu zvoupfumi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kumaodzanyemba ane kukuru pamwero vemo kupfuura yose East-Siberian nharaunda yose. Pano yevanhu arambe achirema rinosvika pamwero vanhu 30. por ba. ? km.

Ethnic Russian anobata kupfuura pakati vagere zvoupfumi nharaunda. mugove wavo kukasapfuura 80% of zvachose Vagari mudunhu. mamwe madzinza ose dzakaderera kwavari maererano vaivapo. Nokuti chikuru Russian Buryat uye vokuTuva vari - zvemo vanhu vanogara East Siberian nharaunda zvoupfumi. The Vagari nharaunda iyi zvakare inomirirwa Ukrainians uye Tatars, kugara, ukuwo, wechina uye wechishanu pakukura.

Pakati zvizvarwa zvemo vanofanirawo kutaura Shor, Evenki uye Dolgan. Asi uwandu vamiririri dzinza mashoko iri zviduku. Saka, vamiririri Dolgan vanhu, pane chete zvishoma kupfuura 5.5 zviuru. Man.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vanhu munharaunda, kubva 2012, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera, kunyange kubvira 1992 zvakaitika kuwira munyika wevanotungamirira kuderera kwenhamba vagari.

indasitiri

Economic zvechadenga nzvimbo wakatarwa sezvo kukura bhizimisi uye waibudirira.

The chikuru Bazi youpfumi ndiyo migodhi. Pane raidudzwa specialization of East Siberian upfumi mudunhu iri mugodhi. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo nzvimbo inokosha marasha migodhi, mafuta, uye siyana simbi ores, izvo kare ataurwa pamusoro.

Rine yakakwirira maindasitiri zvinogona of Eastern kweSiberia. Krasnoyarsk yakakurumbira yakatanga rinorema michina uye metallurgia indasitiri. Uyezve, guta rine chirimwa kuti pagadzirwe mishonga, uyewo boka, iyo inobereka TVs.

In Irkutsk pane fekitari rinonyanya pamusoro rinorema engineering, zvebhizimisi ndege kugadzira, uyewo kupfuura simba kambani reRussia "Irkutskenergo". Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo simba vanokwanisa anotipa kupfuura Angara Pazvinoitika. The guta yakatangawo chikafu maindasitiri, zvikurukuru kugadzirwa nyama, dheri uye bhekari zvigadzirwa.

Zvikuru mukuru maindasitiri mukana ane Abakan. Khakassia kudada kwakadaro muzinda. It ane hombe motokari-kuvaka fekitari, vanoverengeka emakambani zvokudya uye chiedza maindasitiri, hombe chafariz simba miti. Azvino nokubudirira vanofanira kunzi kuwanikwa makurusa kuSiberia simba chirimwa pamusoro rezuva simba.

Center nokuti Trans-Baikal dunhu - guta Chita - inozivikanwa kwayo chirimwa engineering imba-kuvaka fekitari. Uyezve, motokari chirimwa kwakatangwa ichangopfuura. Asi chikuru muupenyu ndiyo kukura kwezvivako Chita simba indasitiri. On mundima guta vari vaviri chete chafariz simba anosima, izvo achakupaiwo Magetsi yose mudunhu.

Major maindasitiri kumatunhu nyika yose Buryatia. Pamepu iri kukurukurwa kumusoro, rinonyatsoratidza kuti zvokuvhoterwa ichi unopoteredza Lake Baikal. Dzakabudirira indasitiri kunokosha dambudziko kwezvakatipoteredza kuti mudhamu. Mune guru Buryatia, Ulan-Ude dzinokwanisa vakatanga zvakawanda maindasitiri. Kune engineering, simba, migodhi, kuvakwa, matanda kugadzira Enterprises. Uyezve, pane masangano mubasa kugadzirwa zvokudya uye chiedza Mazinga. Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kuti kambani "Buryatzoloto", mubasa kukura migodhi yendarama.

Chinonyanya underdeveloped nharaunda nharaunda zvoupfumi ndiye Republic of Tyva. Pane zvasvika zvinokosha zvikuru chete kukura yemigodhi indasitiri.

Saka, chikuru nzvimbo maindasitiri upfumi nharaunda ndiye migodhi, simbi, matanda kubudiswa, simba zera, kuvaka, uye zvokudya uye Whitehead Textile bhora management.

kurima

Nokuda hunhu nzvimbo uye nzvimbo hwokuchamhembe kumatunhu nechepazasi peArctic Circle permafrost vakarongeka kugadzirwa mu chirimwa zvinogoneka chete kumaodzanyemba zvoupfumi nharaunda. Kune kazhinji akura zvirimwa. The chikuru chirimwa ndiye chitubu gorosi. Uyewo kuparadzirwa vaakagamuchira kukura oats uye bhari. Pakati zvebhizimisi zvirimwa anofanira dzinounzwa shuga beets, izvo dzabudapo kumaodzanyemba chikamu Krasnodar Territory uye Republic of Buryatia. Manwiwa vari akura ari commercial pamwero chete muna Minusinskaya bheseni.

Livestock rutoto kunokudziridzwa zvakanaka panyika yose zvoupfumi nharaunda. Asi specialization zvipfuwo indasitiri kunobva nharaunda. Saka, muna kuchamhembe zvikamu Krasnoyarsk Territory iri ezvinhu enyika achinaya mvura poro minda kunokudziridzwa zvakanaka. In rwezasi, musango-inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa nzvimbo, mapurazi paaivatambudza gwai maberekero. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo unyanzvi wakaisvonaka uye Semi yakaisvonaka nhungamiro mjasosherstnyh uye jasi. Muna taiga yakatanga ruminant uye kuvhima mhuka akatakura mbava-, uyewo dzimwe nzvimbo kurima. Mukuwedzera, nechepakati uye kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu nevakariri upfumi nzvimbo nyuchi. Fishing inowanika rinenge kwose kwose.

Kazhinji, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kupfuura zvemari dzakabudirira nharaunda zvipfuwo zvichienzaniswa zvirimwa. Chirimwa zvigadzirwa yakabereka pano, vagari haisi kukwana, saka zvinokosha kuti dovozit nedzimwe nharaunda muRussia uye vakawanikwa mune zvoupfumi. Izvi zvikurukuru iziviswe pazvinhu michero uye miriwo.

Transport pakutengeserana

Transportation chinhu chinokosha zvikuru nokuda zvoupfumi kuvimbika woruwa, uyo ndima atambanudza nezviuru makiromita.

Kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu zvoupfumi nharaunda muzinda Russia uye kuFar East Rinobatanidzwa makwara. Kunyanya, rinokosha basa reDare Trans-Siberian njanji, kuvakwa yaiva yatanga muna 1891, uye Baikal-Amur Mainline, kuvaka kubva 1938 kusvika 1984. Takawanda madaro nokuda chokufambisa kutakura uye nenhumbi rails nayo wakadzikwa pacharo sezvo inonyatsobudirira.

Mukuwedzera, kumaodzanyemba zvoupfumi nharaunda akaisa dzinokosha mikuru pane batana kukosha. Kukosha pamakwara izvi R255 Novosibirsk - Irkutsk (mugwagwa "Siberia"), R257 Krasnoyarsk - Mongolia ( "Yenisei"), R258 Irkutsk - Chita ( "Baikal"), R297 Chita - Khabarovsk ( "Cupid"), A340 Ulan-Ude - Mongolia, A350 Chita - China.

Zviipe ndozvazvakaita pamwe chokufambisa Links kuti nechepakati uye kuchamhembe ezvoupfumi nharaunda, iri Krasnoyarsk Territory. Railway kutaurirana vasipo pano. Kune motokari mumigwagwa yomunzvimbo kukosha. No migwagwa mikuru munzvimbo. Zvisinei, pane vaviri yeUnited mumugwagwa, asi vanenge tsvarakadenga pfupi, sezvo chokuita misha pamwe dzendege. kukosha kwavo chaizvo kupa suo kuti kukurukurirana nzira dzinokosha kukosha. Izvi A382 mugwagwa unobva Dudinka Airport Alykel uye A383 mugwagwa, iyo inopa mukana kubva muguta Tours Airport Mountain.

Sezvatinogona kuona, pasi kubatana nechepakati uye kuchamhembe zvikamu dunhu yakatanga zvakanaka simba. Zvikuru kukosha vawana rwizi senga. Rivers Lena Yenissei, Hatanga, pamaware Tunguska vari dzinongoitika backbones kuti zvinopa motokari kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba uye vakutarisire. Tichifunga madaro marefu, zvikuru kukosha nzvimbo isina Anotiwo mhepo kukurukurirana.

Pamhenderekedzo kweArctic Ocean ndivo seaports pakati Dudinka, Dixon, Igarka, Noordwijk. Ivo Nzvimbo inokosha kwete chete nokuda Russian navigation, asiwo dzakawanda kukurukurirana.

The kukosha zvoupfumi nharaunda

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvakaoma kuona kukosha East-Siberian nzvimbo nyika. Ndiye muvambi chinokosha uwandu zvicherwa akadai marasha, mafuta, simbi ores, goridhe uye vamwe. The maindasitiri zvinogona kwenzvimbo kuri guru chaizvo. Main nzvimbo: simbi, migodhi indasitiri.

Nezvadzo ndiye yezvakaita nharaunda dzakasiyana okunze zones: kune mumarenje uye chando achinaya mvura, taiga uye inowanzorimwa. Taiga ane hombe reserves huni, ipapo yakatanga kurima, kupa nyika ine zvinokosha furs. In Eastern Siberia mune makuru mvura reserves gobvu nyanza wenyika Baikal - a chiwanikwa of nharaunda wechokwadi.

Panguva iyoyo zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti East Siberian nharaunda zvoupfumi anofanira kuvandudza zvokufambisa kwezvivako, uyewo pakurera paruzhinji kuvandudzika kurarama pano. matambudziko aya haagoni kugadziriswa mune pfupi. Dzavo mhinduro kunoda inokosha toronga ramangwana. Asi zvinokosha chete kuti urongwa, asi kuomerera sezvo kunyatsotevera sezvinobvira Implementation wayo. Uye vose anodiwa zvinhu dzika ndizviite kuEastern Siberia zviripo.