River senga. Zvifambiso rwizi senga. Riverport

Water (rwizi) chokufambisa - chokufambisa ichi, izvo rinopa kutakurwa vanhu uye nenhumbi kubudikidza midziyo pamusoro waterways kuarwisa mavambo (nzizi, madhamu) uye chakagadzirwa (reservoirs, nehova). chikuru mukana Its ndiye yakaderera mutengo, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo inokosha yeUnited kwezvinhu munyika, pasinei seasonality uye vakaderera nokukurumidza.

Zvakanakira nekuipira

Russian rwizi senga inoita basa rinokosha-Inter District uye intra-eruwa chokufambisa wenyika yedu. Its zvakwakanakira vavete makwara rwokuzvarwa mavambo, muurongwa iyo inoshandisa kudhura kupfuura kuvaka njanji uye mikuru. mitoro mutengo mu waterways dererei pane rails. Asi basa negoho wakakwirira kubudikidza 35 muzana.

Zvisinei, rwizi chokufambisa vane payakaipira akawanda - iri pamwaka zvakasikwa, kamari kufamba nokukurumidza, dzisina kushandiswa, riri nokuda configuration mvura Network. Mukuwedzera, chikuru tsinga wenyika yedu runoyerera kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba uye kubva kumaodzanyemba kusvikira kuchamhembe, uye mukuru nhumbi Rwako vane latitudinal negwara.

mikuru

Nokuda kuvakwa Cascades ose Hydroelectric rwizi Volga uye Kama akatendeukira yakadzika-mvura Mapaipi. Interbasin kubatana of Moscow-Volga, White Sea-reBaltic uye Volga-reBaltic uye Volga-Don uye Volga nhasi reUnited mvura yakadzika ezvinhu, Kureba - 6,3 zviuru makiromita. Kana vachiwana kuwedzera kwemvura kure negungwa chokufambisa iri nechokumabvazuva Russia achiri kutungamirira nzvimbo inoitwa ne Volga-Kama bheseni. On rwizi yayo nokuda anopfuura makumi mashanu muzana ari chokufambisa kutakura uye zvinhu. Nzvimbo huru iri mumudziyo akatora chokufambisa rwizi chokufambisa kuti zvokuvakisa (60 muzana). Motokari yavo iri kuitwa zviviri mirayiridzo, zviri advantageously intra hunhu.

Chii yaitakurwa waterways Russia?

River senga mu arteries izvi kunyanya anomununura matanda, sezvamakaropafadzwa zvose midziyo navatana, uri igwa, iro chiwanikwa nzira. Musi Volga Kama zvifambiswe Siberian dondo uye mhenderekedzo Volga-kuBaltic gang - dondo Vologda uye Arkhangelsk kumatunhu, yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia nokuti dziri North Caucasus uye Volga nharaunda. River senga muMoscow rinobatanidzwa namatanda zvokufambisa musi iwoyo mugero muna Moscow mudunhu uye Moscow. Kuburikidza zvengarava zviri Volga uye Kama muna Kuznetsk marasha bheseni zvifambiswe, uye zvino ari yaitakurwa waterways kuti simba paredhiyo. Uyezve, nzvimbo akakurumbira ndiye chokuendesa munyu - pamwe Baskunchan munyu kumusoro hari iri Volga Volga zvengarava, ivo Urals, Centre, iri North-West of zvebhizimisi iri hove bhizimisi uye nokuda ekisipoti. Mukuwedzera, akakwidza Volga akatuma zvigadzirwa okurima (manwiwa) pamusoro Volgograd uye Astrakhan kumatunhu, nehove kubva kweGungwa reCaspian, uyewo namakemikari zvigadzirwa kubva Volga nharaunda uye Urals. In zvose mirayiridzo, zvifambiswe mafuta zvinhu uye oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo, zviyo cargoes.

Huru mirayiridzo

Russian rwizi senga iri kunyanya yakatanga zvakanaka muna Volga-Kama dhishi, nokuti Kama wayo rechibharo - the Vyatka uye Belaya - zvakakosha kuti Urals ukama chete North West, Centre, iyo Volga nharaunda. The Kama pasi mhindu kunyanya zviyo, matanda, mafuta, zvemakemikari nhumbi, kuvakwa chicherwa zvinhu. Mugore neizvi mirayiridzo zvinoratidzwa marasha, simende, huni. Rokumusoro Kama nhumbi zvakati zvishoma. Uyezve, Volga-Don mugero chakabatsira kuwedzera chokufambisa kuti hombe Volga. Pamusana kwaari, kubva munzvimbo yakabatana Don, kuti Volga anofambisa zviyo, marasha, manwiwa, maindasitiri zvinhu nezvimwe zvinhu. In negwara - simende, mhangura, huni, makemikari zvigadzirwa. izvi zvose anotakura rwizi senga. Samara, uyewo mamwe maguta kuMiddle Volga nharaunda, chikuru nevatengi nhumbi idzi. A guru basa kukura chokufambisa kutamba gang kubatana pakati bheseni ichi uye North-West nharaunda, uyewo nevamwe inoti yeGungwa reBaltic kuburikidza Volga-reBaltic nzira. Therethrough apatite Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu iri kuendeswa nenzira southerly divi, mhangura, zvokuvakisa, huni, uye North - zvemakemikari mitoro, zviyo, marasha uye peturu zvigadzirwa.

mutakurwi kutakura

In kuramba uye chikuru mutakurwi Rwako of Volga-Kama bheseni. Chero rwizi chiteshi ichapa vagari zvakasiyana womunharaunda, dzaifanoiswa, madhorobha uye Suburban munzvimbo. Passenger midziyo vari zvinowanzoshandiswa sangano ushanyi uye nhandaro. The chakarebesa ndiyo dzaifanoiswa mutsetse kubva kuMoscow Astrakhan, Perm, Rostov uye Ufa. Rwizi Kudeuka yemapurisa iri guru Russia. Muna Volga-Vyatka bheseni makurusa rwizi zvengarava vari Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Moscow, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, Yaroslavl.

North-kumadokero

River ave refu vaishumira sedare chokufambisa kukurukurirana pamusoro North-Western uye Northern ezvoupfumi kumatunhu. Muchikamu European chikamu chikuru waterways kuti chokufambisa kwenhumbi ndiyo Northern Dvina River uye ayo rechibharo uye Sukhona Vychegda, Pechora, Mezen, uye NW - Svir, Neva uye White Sea-Baltic Canal. The waterways hwokumusoro akabata karwizi simba chicherwa zvokuvakisa uye mafuta, matanda, uye zviyo uye marasha. The chikuru zvengarava vari Narjan Mar, Pechora, Mezen, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.

Northwest dziva Anorwira southbound matanda simbi mhangura kubva yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia, apatite Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu Kola Peninsula. In negwara - zvigadzirwa maindasitiri, zviyo, munyu uye mafuta. A dzaifanoiswa nguva zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana vari Volkhov, Petrozavodsk uye St. Petersburg. Nokudaro, muMoscow uye Rokumusoro Volga nharaunda akaronga zvachose mutakurwi mutsetse. dzakabudirira zvakanaka pano uye veko migwagwa, ichi chaiva kunyanya kuoneka pamwe nokuwedzera kwenhamba mukuru-nokukurumidza midziyo.

kumabvazuva

Kumabvazuva, Russia panzvimbo yokutanga nyaya chokufambisa zvinotora Ob-Irtysh bheseni muWestern Siberia. River senga iri chakakonzera kuti kukura mafuta uye gasi pfuma, uyewo masango. Huru chokufambisa transshipment nodes (Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk) pamusoro Irtysh uye Ob akapa marasha, kuchera midziyo uye pombi, zvokuvakisa, zvokudya uye maindasitiri zvigadzirwa munzvimbo dzine kuminda Tyumen nharaunda mafuta uye gasi. Delivery nhumbi kuti dzokumaruwa yacho kondinendi rinoitwa pasi Northern Sea Route, zvichiteverwa reloading mumiromo yacho Taz, Puri uye Obi pamusoro riverboats. Vazhinji motokari inowira pamusoro pehuni anoenda matanda murwizi chengarava Asino. Zvino zvakafanira zvifambiswe ngarava iri Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk. Kupfuura kota vazvo pedyo Irtysh uye Ob kuti zvokuvakisa kunobva kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu kuchamhembe, muzvinhu mafuta uye gasi indasitiri. Uyewo, zvikuru ane rwizi zvokufambisa kutakurwa kwenhumbi zviyo, munyu, marasha uye peturu zvigadzirwa.

Obi, pamwe ekare zvengarava ose Barnaul uye Novosibirsk, rinokosha basa reDare zvengarava kuti vavapo maererano kusikwa maindasitiri nzvimbo - Surgut, Ob, Labytnangi, Salekhard.

Angara uye Yenisei

Yenisei River senga anobatanidza kumaodzanyemba Eastern kweSiberia pamwe kweArctic nharaunda. Pano dondo kutakura kusvika zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvachose turnover of Yenisei. Mukuwedzera, rwizi zvifambiswe zviyo, mafuta, marasha uye chicherwa zvokuvakisa. Upper Yenissei kubva Minusinska kuna Krasnoyarsk, dzinoratidzwa predominance ane nhumbi dzinoyerera nomurwizi nzvimbo huru nayo anopindura zviyo.

Muromo Angara: pano anouya chikuru chikamu dondo, Anopatsanura chekubuda nhumbi pamusoro Yenisei. Huru Chikamu rinotungamirirwa kumusoro, uye muromo uye kuna Dickson - nomurwizi. Kuwedzera masango, chinokosha nzvimbo inogarwa kutakurwa zvokuvakisa uye chicherwa marasha. Huru zvengarava vari Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka, uye pamusoro Angara - Makarievo, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ust-Ilim.

Lena uye Amur

Lena kutumirwa rinotanga kubva Osetrovo chengarava uye kunze kusvikira kurwizi Delta. Pano, kuwedzera epamba zvinhu akanunura zvinhu izvo zvinouya kubva kuchiteshi - kubva Tiksi Bay Sturgeon. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu yomumugwagwa kumusoro marasha uye zvokuvakisa, uye vamwe - sango, uye mafuta. Vazhinji vavo kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi. Cargo akavhiyiwa vakatakudzwa kubva mune zviteshi pamusoro Kirensk, Sturgeon, Yakutsk, Vitim.

Mune Far East, hombe nezvifambiso kukosha Amur uye vabati vechibharo ayo Zeya uye Bureya. Huru mitoro muri zviyo, munyu, nesimbi, marasha, huni, mafuta, uye hove. zvengarava Major - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk. Muzvinhu izvi, nokuda rwakakwana kwezvivako nyika kukurukurirana rwizi chokufambisa kunokosha, uye kutakurwa vatakurwi.

Sea senga

Chikuru Kukosha gungwa chokufambisa ndechokuti zvinopa inokosha zvikuru chikamu reRussia wokumwe kutengeserana. Cabotage ndiyo chete kuchikosha kupa kumiganhu kumabvazuva uye kuchamhembe munyika. The turnover kwenhumbi nokuti zvahwaiita mugungwa chokufambisa ndiyo masere muzana. Izvi zvinoitwa somugumisiro daro refu motokari - vanenge zviuru 4.5 makiromita. Kutakurwa nendege zvahwaiita mugungwa chokufambisa vari kunyora nezvavo.

Zvinetso reRussia mugungwa senga

Munyika yose mugungwa chokufambisa kuti zvinhu turnover rokutanga rakava, akamira kunze yepasisa-mutengo vazvo nhumbi. Muna Russian Federation izvozvo kunokudziridzwa achiri simba, nekuti chikuru zvoupfumi nzvimbo munyika kure seaports. Uyezve, chikamu chikuru yamakungwa kuti vakombe nharaunda weRussia vari kuoma nechando. Izvi zvinooneka zvinowedzera mari yokushandisa ichi mhando yokufambisa. Chimwe chinetso ndiye yechinyakare chaizvo rengarava nyika yedu. Somuenzaniso, gungwa uye rwizi chokufambisa mu Russia yakavakwa anopfuura makumi maviri apfuura, kuti haisi zvinogamuchirika nokuda dzomunyika mitemo, ngarava yakadaro inofanira scrapped. Mudzimai rengarava anongoda hapana mhando ano midziyo: kupenya, mudziyo, gasi, zvikepe pamwe chinjikira vachizvitakudza-vachidzikisa uye nevamwe. Asati asapinda Crimea, Russia yakanga seaports zvikuru gumi chete, asi hazvina kukwana chakadaro nyika hombe. Somugumisiro, vanenge hafu yefuma nokuuya gungwa, kushumirwa dzimwe zvengarava. Ava kazhinji dzaimbova nyika dzeSoviet: Ukraine (Odessa), Latvia (Ventspils), Estonia (Tallinn), Lithuania (Klaipeda). Kushandiswa gungwa chokufambisa kutumirwa vamapoka dzimwe nyika uye kunoita mukuru zvemari nezvinhu. Kana Sea Black zvengarava pamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ari zvakawanda kana zvishoma kugadziriswa, muGungwa reBaltic pamhenderekedzo iri kuvaka chengarava itsva.