Sources ose enzvimbo mashoko. List kuti jogirafi mabhuku. Maps, atlases

Kubvira kare, murume aifarira chii chiri pedyo - ndima itsva kana kumigumo yenyika. Mazana emakore akapfuura, budiriro akaita pamusaka ruzivo. Nguva yasvika kuti nguva apo masayendisiti, uyo havasati munyika kure, aiziva zvakawanda pamusoro pavo. In ichi Vakabatsirwa nokuda kunobva kwavanogara mashoko.

Nyaya ino vachakuudza kuti, uyewo mhando dzavo.

General pfungwa

Sezvo unogona fembera, saka ndakadana ose anopa mashoko iyo munhu anogona kugamuchira mashoko vanofarira kwaari. Iyo inoongorora kunobva enzvimbo mashoko Grade 5 (muzvikoro yechipiri)? Ngatitaurei wozvinyora:

• mepu All, atlases, uye zvakasiyana-siyana topographical zvirongwa, kusanganisira muchiuto.
• tsananguro-tsaukana pamusoro zvatichakurukura.
• Directories, Encyclopedic nyaya, uye mishumo migumisiro siyana nzendo.
• Aerial mifananidzo uye kuongorora yemifananidzo munzvimbo.
• GIS uye GPS / GLONASS.

Heano mamwe manyuko enzvimbo mashoko anoziva Grade 5 iri nzwisisika chikoro avhareji. Nesuwo edza kufunga zvinoitwa vamwe vavo zvishoma zvizere.

yazvino

Mumakore achangopfuura, vakawanda zvinhu zvaive kubva papers digitaalinen chimiro. Izvi hazvishamisi. Anenge zvose 5 enzvimbo mashoko manyuko, izvo zvatichangobva kutaurwa, nhasi tinogona kuwana mune digitaalinen chimiro. Kunyange nyanzvi masayendisiti mumakore achangopfuura, vanosarudza kushanda ne "nhamba".

Pamwe chete GIS mamiriro kushanda zvikuru yamunenge pane ane murwi mabhuku. Zvino kukurukura dzimwe kunobva enzvimbo mashoko zvizere.

kadhi

Card inonzi generalized schematic mufananidzo penyika iyo, nyika yose nyika kana mitumbi yokudenga. Zvinonzi yakavakirwa panheyo scaling, kureva kwemasvomhu dzakashandiswa kuti chinangwa ichi. Kureva, zvichienderana neshekeri vose makadhi inogona dziya muzvikwata zvikuru zvitatu:

• Pamwero mukuru.
• Mesoscale.
• Madiki.

Kana isu kutaura muchikwata rokutanga, ipapo reshiyo magwaro aya anogona kuva 1: 200 000 uye yakakura. Izvi zvinosanganisira anenge zvose topographical zvirongwa. Small pamwero yose makadhi, nhamba idukusa 1: 1 000 000 vanhuwo atirasi kunosanganisira kana madiki kana svikiro kadikidiki urongwa yakanakisisa akakodzera kuti kudzidza chimwe munharaunda.

Sort cartographic mashoko

Unofanira kuziva kuti nguva zvisikwa nyanzvi asati kubudisa map zvakaoma kusarudzwa kwacho kuti kucharatidzwa pairi. Izvi anonzi sezvinotevera: cartographic zvavo. Sezvingatarisirwa, zvikuru zvakaoma kusarudza chiripo pamusoro madiki mepu, sezvo vachifanira anobvumawo kunonyanyisa uwandu anobatsira mashoko ari risingamboshandisi tsoka pamusoro gwaro. In chinonyanya zvavo zvikuru basa reDare zvakananga kugadzwa kadhi uyewo zvido makasitoma ayo.

nzvimbo zvirongwa

Saka akadana Nzvimbo vanodhirowa, izvo akaita pamwero (1: 5000 kana kupfuura), uye vanokwezvwa kushandisa chaiwo zviratidzo. In izvi akafanana atirasi chikoro. Kuvaka urongwa hwakadaro inobva kutarisana, richishanda nekuyera, zvemuchadenga mifananidzo kana kuti nzira vasanganiswa.

Sezvo ari urongwa hwacho nzvimbo zviduku zviri panyika, kana kusika nyika kuti curvature anogona kuregeredzwa. Zvinofanira ainyatsonzwisisa kuti zvinyorwa izvi enzvimbo mashoko, izvo zvatichangobva kurondedzerwa, muri zvikuru akasiyana mumwe.

Huru kusiyana kubva kadhi zvirongwa

• The sendimita hurongwa kashoma vakaisa makiromita anopfuura mashanu kune chaiko nomunzvimbo dzine. Vane zvakawanda makadhi imwe millimeter iyo inogona vakaisa mazana makiromita pamusoro pepasi.
• All zvinhu pasi zvirongwa vanoonekwa se detailed sezvinobvira. Pfungwa, zvose nzvimbo zvakawanda kana zvishoma kukosha akacherekedza paavhareji nhamba. Saka, topographical urongwa General Staff (uye neSoviet Union, Chokwadi) zvinogona kuratidzwa kunyange miti uye hova diki. Pamepu hazvibviri kuwana mashoko ose. Chaizvoizvo, saka, akaita zvavo, izvo takakurukura pamusoro. Kunyange chaiyo hurukuro yacho makondinendi pamepu zhinji haigoni kuoneka asi nokuti kazhinji aishanda pamwe zvikuru kusarurama. Mukuwedzera, pamusoro apa mamwe mabhuku pamusoro geography yekushandiswa scaleless zviratidzo.
• We simbisa kamwe zvakare kuti kuvaka chirongwa hanya curvature pamusoro pepasi. Cards, kunyanya pamwero muduku, funga izvozvo madikanwa.
• On urongwa haana dhigirii afoot. Panguva iyoyowo, kufanana uye meridians uri mumwe wavo.
• The zano iri nguva dzose nyore tichitaura dzidziso. Top of gwaro - rwokumusoro, pasi ukuwo, - rwezasi. Pamepu yacho kunorondedzerwa kufanana.

Image nzira anoramba ari urongwa uye mepu

Zvimiso vatambi muchiitiko ichi vari kwakajairika embodiments umo coded chikabviswa inoratidzwa pamepu kana urongwa zvinhu. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona kuratidza chinhu chaicho (gomo, somuenzaniso), uye chinhu chose husingaoneki, zvimiso (the arambe achirema zvokuwedzera muguta, musha, uye zvichingodaro. N.). Chokwadi, vose vari aivabatsira zvikuru upenyu munhu anoziva zvinokosha cartography uye anokwanisa kuverenga vanodhirowa izvi.

Rinhiko mepu anoramba akakodzera?

mubvunzo uyu kanenge einozhdy kuisa zvinenge zvose geographers uye Vanodzidza. A mhinduro dzakananga kunobva chinangwa, vakawanda, munyori urongwa. Saka, romuMiddle nyanzvi anowanzodhirowa mepu chaizvoizvo "pamusoro pebvi", saka kutaura kwavo zvakarurama hakusi zvakakodzera. Asi General Staff mepu, zvisinei nguva, achiri katyamadza pamwe zvakarurama yavo.

Usakanganwa kuti mepu yacho Far North vari zvine yakakwirira pakusimba, ukuwo Amazon uye murwizi urongwa zvinogona zvakanaka kuraswa makore mashanu pashure bhuku ravo. nzizi idzi sezvo zvakanyanya uye nokukurumidza kuchinja kwakaita nzvimbo yacho Nyika pamusoro, kubva zvinyorwa vakura kuona chete kubva kare maonero.

Geographical Rondedzero, buri

mabhuku ose enzvimbo mashoko pamusoro, vamwe anofinha, uninteresting. Where mafaro kuongorora kunze tsananguro imwe nharaunda, nzvimbo kana kunyange kondinendi, rakanyorwa murume akawana zvose!

Hazviiti parutivi, asi dzimwe nguva perondedzero uye mishumo enzvimbo (geodetic, utachiona) zvidzidzo vangapa zvakawanda ruzivo kupfuura hwakadzama topographic mepu nharaunda. Kunyanya mukupera haatomboratidzi zvimwe zvisingafadzi zviri imwe nzvimbo (marariya, unowanikwa dzimwe nechepakati nzvimbo Africa, pamatanho ose, somuenzaniso).

Mazita mabhuku pamusoro jogirafi, iyo yakapiwa kuvanhu vadzidzi pachikoro (eg Nikolina Chakardakova VV jogirafi, basa kukura; Samkova VA Tiri kudzidza dondo, Forest Encyclopedia: 2 t / AND ch Ed G. I. Vorobov ... ), sezvo nguva uye kuumbwa anoonga basa vatsvakurudzi panguva kutaipa ose mashoko pamusoro kadhi ari mukati merima zvinhu.

Brief ruzivo pamusoro Panovhurwa Africa

Tiudzei zvishoma nezvenhoroondo hwomukova Dark Continent. Chokwadi, shoko "kuwanikwa" hakusi chaizvo zvakarurama: kuti Australia - Hungu, vaifanira kutambura. Kana ari Africa takapiwa zvakanaka kudzidza mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo, apo varanda vatema vakanga vabatwa uye vakatengwa Arab vatengesi dzenzou, asi zviri kuitika mukati menyika yacho, havana kuziva zvinenge munhu.

Zvose chakachinja XIX remakore, apo kunozivikanwa asvika Africa, David Livingstone. Naye runobva kukudzwa kuzarura rweNile uye zvikuru Lake Victoria. vanhu vashoma vanoziva, asi Central Africa zvidzidzo panguva akanga achiparidza musayendisiti wokuRussia VV Junker (mumakore 1876-1886).

Nokuti runodiwa yacho kondinendi ndokuguma zvinosuruvarisa vanonyanya kupa nzvimbo mashoko (kureva maps), mashoko nokuti zviri saka zvakaoma uye kugara ngozi kuupenyu inounganidzwa masayendisiti zvose izvi vakashinga vave achishingaira kushandiswa vaitengesa varanda ...

Saka, vane mepu uye urongwa, isu chaizvoizvo tapedza. Geographical atlases ndezvaJehovha umwechete. Uye chii basa ano kunobva kwavanogara mashoko? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, chimbofunga nheyo nekugoverana rekare mapepa mepu uye navigation, iyo yava sohunobishairira kushandiswa kunyange nyanzvi geographers uye Vanodzidza.

GPS / GLONASS + mepu

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nzira iri zvakakwana zvakakodzera Pakusarudza kururama mepu, atlases uye topographical zvirongwa. Uyezve, nzira iyi inoda udovletovryaet dzekare, sezvo vanogona vazvionere madiro akachinja kwenzvimbo, inorondedzerwa munezvimwe yaMakoronike zviitiko siyana. Zvisinei, jogirafi mabhuku kazhinji rinosanganisira nzvimbo urongwa, achigere yoku- kubva pakuvamba rokupedzisira remakore.

Kushandisa vakadaro yakarurama, asi nguva yakawanda uye zvishoma zvokushamisira unyanzvi, unofanira kuita -bhainda katatu (makadhi yakasiyana matatu) kune imwe nzvimbo nzvimbo:

• Chokutanga, kuwana zvakawanda kana zvishoma ano mepu kana topographic mepu.
• Zvinokurudzirwa kutakura matsva Snapshot wetsvakurudzo Aerospace Nzvimbo ine topographical nezvokunyoresa rinoronga hurongwa.
• Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kuti kadhi, uye mashoko auri kuenda tarisa.

Zvinoreva kushanda iri kuwedzera kuyeuka aidzidzisa, zvose zvitatu mufananidzo nzvimbo. Current yokutevedzera mano aya vane processor nokururama simba uye anoyevedza yakawanda RAM, saka unogona ufambe pakati makadhi vachatitaka pakarepo.

Kutsunga of nzira

A nzira yakanakisisa kuitwa nokushandisa ano topographical mepu kana kuronga. Hatidi zano kushandisa iyi magwaro ekare. Zvinogoneka kuti panzvimbo nomumachakwi zvino zvaiyambuka nzvimbo, asi nomusi kumucheto kamwe sparse muduku dondo, iwe havazokwanisi zvakaitika nokuti nzvimbo hwachinja zvikuru nzvimbo. Card - zvakanaka, kuti ndicho chete Kakawanda kacho, zvinyorwa izvi hazvisi yakarurama kwazvo.

Sei zvemuchadenga Photography uye kuongorora mufananidzo Zvinosarudzwa kadhi?

Asi nei bepa vanodhirowa saka muduku zvibereko yazvino? The pfungwa zvinotevera zvikonzero zviviri:

• Chokutanga, chakakoshera Satellite mufananidzo kana zvemuchadenga Photo kakawanda yakakwirira zvikuru. Kana cartographers achiri vouchsafed kubata mumwe zvavo kuti mashoko matsva uye kuitika kusunungurwa urongwa yacho?
• In mifananidzo muri sezvariri nenguva chaiyo vachakwanisa kuona zvinoitwa imwe nzvimbo. Pamepu, kana kunyange topographical hurongwa muti rudzi musango kucharatidzwa chete schematically uye chete zvavo nemashoko. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, vanogumburwa mukati gobvu spruce prolesok Birch ingangodaro, uye mune gobvu nemipaini dondo kurasika nyore zvikuru.

Kusarudza nzira uye kutarisa mifananidzo itsva, Zvinokurudzirwa kuenda yekare mepu. Nei zvakaoma? Fungidzira kuti uri zvipenyu ari mumunda goho. Unofanira kuona sei dondo vakura, iyo yakabuda muti itsva mhando, zhinji marudzi dondo akachinja mumakore ose aya. Yakanaka nekugadzirisa matambudziko ose aya kungotaura nokugura kadhi itsva yayo yekare ishamwari. Saka, zvose zvinova pachena zvinoonekwa sezvinobvira.

Pano mune matsime anoshandisa jogirafi. Map - zvichida inokosha vavo, asi hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti mumakore gumi apfuura, zvesainzi vakaita zvikuru kufambira mberi, uye saka mapenzi asina kushandisa zvose nokubudirira ano.

mhedziso

Saka munoziva anopa nzvimbo mashoko panguva ino, kupfuura akakodzera. Oddly zvakakwana, asi isu vachiri kushandisa zvose zvakafanana zvirongwa uye mepu akanga afunga asati munhambo yedu. Chokwadi, kumamiriro ano kutarira avo.