Suburbanization - ndiyo iyo pfungwa? Ndeupi musiyano pakati pekugara kweguta, de-kuguta uye suburbanization?

Munhu chisikwa, chokwadi chekugara kwevanhu, kurwira rudzi rwevamwe vanhu. Ndokusaka vagari venyika vachiri kukurumidza "kufamba" mumaguta makuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, munhu munhu wenyama. Icho chikamu chinokosha, kubatana kwezvisikwa, zvisikwa zvenyika. Nokudaro, maguta nemasikirwo emasikirwo - pasina bhizinesi uye kupedza gasi, garai nhasi nheyo mbiri dzakapoteredza iyo hupenyu hwevanhu vemazuva ano huripo.

Muchikamu chino tichakurukura mazano akaenzana nechikamu cheguta. Chii chinonzi suburbanization, de-urban and urban? Chii chinorehwa nemashoko matatu aya?

Zvinoreva chirevo che "urbanization"

Izwi rokuti "kuguta kwemaguta" rinobva kune rechiLatini shoko rokuti "urbanus", rinoshandura se "maguta". Kuguta kwemumaguta (mupfungwa yakafara) kunonzwisiswa sekukura kwemaitiro emuguta muhupenyu hwevanhu nevanhu. Muchidimbu, iyi ndiyo nzira yekukura kwevanhu vemaguta uye "kuputika" kwevagari vanobva kumaruwa - kumaguta uye megacities.

Nezvemaguta, semamiriro ehupfumi nehupfumi uye nzira, yakatanga kutaura mukati mezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, apo huwandu hwevanhu vomunharaunda hwakatanga kukura nokukurumidza. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi mumaguta, kubuda kwemabasa matsva mavari , pamwe nekuvandudzirwa kwemitemo uye zvekudzidzisa mumaguta.

Masayendisiti anosiyanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuguta kwemaguta, kureva:

• Kubuda kwevanhu kubva kumaruwa kusvika kumaguta;
• Kuchinja kwemisha nemisha kusvika kumaguta;
• Kuumbwa kwemazana makuru uye anokosha emumaguta ekugadzirisa.

Kune mibvunzo "chii chinonzi suburbanization, kuguta kwemaguta, de-urban, ruralization?" Inosangana nesayenzi ye georbanistics - chimwe chezvikamu zvinokosha zvemazuva ano ezvemagariro evanhu.

Izvo zvinonzi zvinoshamisa zvekunyengera kwemaguta, izvo zvinowanzoitirwa munzvimbo dzakadaro dzenyika seLatin America neSouth-East Asia, zvakabatana zvikuru nemafungiro e "kuguta kweguta". Chii chisiri chenhema kumaguta. Kutaura zvazviri, uku ndiko kukura kusina kukodzera kwemaguta, izvo zvisingaenderani nekukura kwakakosha kwemabasa uye nekuvandudzika kwezvivako zvehupfumi. Somugumisiro, vanhu vekumaruwa "vanongomanikidzwa kunze" mumaguta makuru. Kunze kwenyika, sekutonga, kunosangana nekuwedzera kwekushaya mabasa uye kuonekwa muguta rezvinonzi "matumba" - zvisingadi kurarama hupenyu hwevanhu mumaguta.

Nharaunda yemuguta mumarudzi akasiyana enyika

Dhipatimendi reUnited Economic Economic and Social Affairs gore negore rinogadzirira kuenzanisira kwekugara kwemaguta kwenyika dzese. Izvi zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kubvira muna 1980.

Nharaunda yemuguta ndiyo inopera yehuwandu hwemaguta muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwenyika. Uye hazvina kufanana munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi. Nokudaro, mari yakakwirira yekumaguta (kana kwete kufungisisa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvine rimwe guta) zvakagadzirirwa muQatar, Kuwait, Belgium uye Malta. Munyika dzose idzi, kuguta kwevagari vemo kunopfuura 95%. Uyewo, huwandu hwemuguta hwakanyanya kwazvo muIceland, Argentina, Japan, Israel, Venezuela neUruguay (inopfuura 90%).

Chiratidzo cheRussia muchiyero ichi zvichienderana nehuwandu hweUN inosvika 74%. Pasi pemunharaunda yeuguta reMapua New Guinea neBurundi (pamwe nemuganhu wemadhora e12,6 uye 11.5% zvichienderana). MuEurope, nzvimbo yakaderera yeguta reMigodhi inowanikwa kuMoldova (49 muzana).

Izwi rekugarisa kuguta

Urban agglomerations - chimwe chinhu chisingatauriki chakabatanidzwa nehutungamiri hwemaguta. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekubatanidza vavakidzani vomunharaunda, kuva imwe yakaoma uye yakabatanidzwa. Munyika ino, hukama hwakasimba uye hwakasimba hunoumbwa: kubudisa, kutakura, svesa netsika. Urban agglomerations - ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikamu zvepamusoro zvekugota kwemuguta.

Kune miviri miviri mikuru yekushungurudza:

• Monocentric (yakaumbwa pamusana peimwe guta guru-nucleus);
• Polycentric (boka remazana akaenzana emaguta).

Nokuda kwekugariswa kwemaguta kugadzirisa zvinhu zvinotevera zvinoratidza:

1. Kushamwaridzana kweguta guru nemamwe maguta nemiganhu inobatana nayo (pasina nzvimbo inokosha discontinuities).
2. Chiyero chezvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa munzvimbo iyo inofanirwa kunge inodarika chikamu chevhu renyika.
3. Zvose zvinosangana nezuva nezuva pendulum kuenda kune dzimwe nyika - kubasa, dzidzo, tsika netsika.

Maererano neUnited States, pasi redu pane zvinosvika mazana mana nemakumi mashanu emaguta emaguta, mune imwe neimwe iyo inenge mamiriyoni evanhu vanogara. Mukurumbira mukuru munyika yose ndiro guta rinoputika reTokyo, umo vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 35 vanogara. Nyika inotungamira muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwemaguta ari: China, USA, India, Brazil neRussia.

Urban agglomerations muRussia

Zvinonakidza kuti muRussia panharaunda yehurumende hapana kubhadharwa kwemaguta emaguta mukati memunyika. Nokudaro, iyo chaiyo data pamusoro peiyo nyaya inogona kusiyanana kubva kune mumwe.

Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo tsika yekupa zvikamu makumi maviri nematanhatu zvekupararira kwenharaunda yeRussia. Chikuru pane izvi ndeichi: (mu mabhakoro, vanhu vanofungidzirwa zvinoratidzwa):

1. Moscow (anenge mamiriyoni 16).
2. St. Petersburg (mamiriyoni 5,6).
3. Samara-Togliatti (mamiriyoni 2.3).
4. Ekaterinburg (mamiriyoni 2,2).
5. Rostov (mamiriyoni 1,7).

KwekuRussia kugarisana kwemaguta kunowanzosimudzira hupfumi hwemaunda, nzvimbo yakakwirira yekusimudzira hupfumi, nhamba yakawanda yekutsvakurudza uye dzidzo dzepamusoro. Chikamu chikuru chekukwikwidza muRussia kune monocentric, kureva kuti, vane imwe, yakanyatsotsanangurwa mukati, mune kugadziriswa kweiyo dzimwe dzose misha uye misha.

Suburbanization: tsanangudzo yeshoko

Iye zvino zvakakosha kufunga dzimwe dzidziso dzinoshandiswa mukushanda mumaguta. Suburbanization ndechipi pfungwa uye chii chiriicho chaicho?

Izwi iri rakava kushandiswa kushingaira muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Suburbanization chinhu chinoshamisa chinoperekedzwa nekushanda kwekushanda kwemasuwa - nzvimbo dzakapoteredza guta guru.

Kusvika kumagumo ezana remakore rapfuura, nhamba inowedzera yevanhu yakatanga kutamira kunze kwemaguta, kure nemanzwi epekitari uye mweya yakasviba uye pedyo nemasikirwo emasikirwo. Panguva imwecheteyo, "vagari" vakadaro havatangi kurima nyika uye kudyara huku. Vanoramba vachishanda muguta, vachipedza maawa akawanda pazuva kuti vaende kunzvimbo yavo yebasa. Zvechokwadi, suburbanization yakabva yakwanisika chete nekuda kwekusimudzirwa kwemajini motorization.

Kubva mumaguta ekumusha kusvika ku-suburbanization!

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, magazini "The Economist" yakabudisa nyaya inofadza inonzi "The Planet of the Suburbs." Maererano nemashoko ezvinyorwa izvi, suburbanization haisi chinhu kunze kwekuti "yakafukidzirwa" mutaundi! Mushure mezvose, munyika yose nhasi, maguta uye megacities ari kuwedzera chete pamari yemadhorobha. Kunze kwe "The Economist" inoreva mazana maviri emaguta emazuva ano - ndiyo London neTokyo.

Uye zvino tinogona kuona mufananidzo unonakidza: kana kunyange makore makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana apfuura kunze kwemaguta makuru vakava "imba" yevanhu vasina urombo hwevanhu, nhasi zvinhu zvose zvakashanduka zvakanyanyisa. Uye zvino dzimba dzeimba dzakanaka dziri kuwedzera kuonekwa munzvimbo dzomumaguta.

Chii chinonzi de-urban?

Pakupedzisira, tinoda kunzwisisa imwe pfungwa. De-kuguta kwemugwagwa inzira inopesana nemuguta (kubva kuFrance "dez" zvinoreva kuramba).

De-kuguta kunoratidzika nehutano hwehuwandu hwevanhu hunopararira kunze kwemaguta. Mune chinangwa chepasi pose, izwi iri rinorevawo kuramba zvinhu zvakanaka zveguta mune hupenyu hwevanhu. Chinangwa chikuru chetsika yekuda-kuguta kwemuguta ndechokubvisa maguta ose makuru munyika.

Mukupedzisa ...

Kuguta kwemaguta, de-urban, suburbanization ... Zvose izvi pfungwa dzakabatana zvikuru. Kana kuguta kwemugodhi inzira yekuwedzera basa reguta muhupenyu hwevanhu, ipapo suburbanization ndeyekuti, kunze, kubuda kwevanhu kusvika kumaguta emunharaunda.