The itsva Mafungiro enyika - ndiwo muuzivi vatorwa mutemo Soviet Union panguva perestroika. Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Nokuti anopfuura makore makumi matatu apfuura kubva munyika chikuru USSR Gorbachev akatungamirira. Ake chikuru chinyorwa pamusoro "itsva mafungiro enyika" - iri zvino anachronism, isinganzwisisiki kuchizvarwa chevechiduku. Asi mutsara uyu panoonekwa vanhu of Union akanaka chaizvo. Vanhu vaida kuti shanduko, ivo akateterera M. S. Gorbachov, rinofananidza zvakanaka navamwe webato vepamusoro. Uye chii ikabudapo, mumwe anoona ake pameso muupenyu chaihwo.

prehistory

Kuti tinzwisise kuti nei pfungwa itsva mafungiro enyika kwave chokwadi akagamuchira nevanhu, vanofanira kuongorora kuti political kuitika panguva ino. Muchidimbu inogona kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera:

• Nyika muzvikamu.
• kukura kwayo kwakavakirwa kusiyana maviri hurongwa: capitalist uye mugovanisi.
• Vanhu panyika vanozviti siyana mugadziriro tsika, iyo sokurwarirwa.
• Asi nzvimbo yedu kunoita kuti tibatane, inonzi kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose.

Inside nyika, vanhu vakaona vamwe kusagutsikana vepamusoro kukonzerwa tinobatwa redistribution mari. Hurumende Soviet rakamanikidzwa kupedza mari yakawanda pamusoro National kudzivirira, kutsigira kuti zvimiso vatsigiri, kusvikira pakukuvadza pokumuka maindasitiri nezvezvandaifanira mutengi pamusika. Population shanje akatarira pamusoro nouwandu vezvinhu munyika dzokuMadokero. Vatungamiriri Soviet vaisagona kana asingadi vemo kuronga kwokuwanda.

The political itsva mafungiro - kuchinja

The pfungwa yaiva sezvinotevera. Kusvikira makore maviri remakore, vanhu kwakasimbiswa ari urongwa munharaunda. Mumwe nomumwe aiva yayo dzematongerwe, tsika uye zvinhu zvedu. Asi budiriro haangagoni kumira imwe nzvimbo, zviri simba. Nokuti nguva yokuchinja yose. M. S. Gorbachov akafunga Pfungwa yokutanga kwevanhu netsika pamusoro vamwe, kureva, kirasi, mamiriro, National, uye vamwe. All kwevanhu - imwe nhengo, nei kuiganhura vachiita migove? Akapiwa chokwadi kuti kukurudzira tsika dzokuMadokero yaiva iyoyo inobudirira voruzhinji Soviet vakabvuma nomufaro munyori mukuru pfungwa. Vanhu vaitenda kuti chitsva mafungiro enyika - ndiwo hwomukova miganhu, rusununguko kufamba, michina mitsva uye zvinogadzirwa kuti vanhu achashandisa pasina kurambidzwa. Vazhinji nyaya pfungwa rusununguko rwokutaura, vainzwisisa mupfungwa kuti zvichava zvinobvira kutaura chero nzira. Chokwadi kuti muSoviet Union kurimwa mira, ayo zvisingachashandi dzematongerwe, waiva ngozi kutsoropodza. Vanhu vakatsvaka vanhu vamwe mudziyo, pasina kufunga, zvinotora manpower uye pfuma kuvakazve.

zvinhu zvinotaurwa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pfungwa itsva mafungiro enyika ari akaputsa zvachose nheyo murayiro nyika sezvo kumusoro. The Hurongwa chinowanzoitika here kuva regressive, haakonzeri kukura vanhu. Izvi zvino vanoti vasayendisiti uye enyika. We chete wataura dzinokosha pamusoro dzematongerwe vatsva sezvinotevera:

• nyika inofanira kuziva yakabatana uye pasina, kusiya weboka mapoka maviri;
• nzira nokudenga kugadzirisa nyaya dzakawanda vakabvuma kuti pakuenzanisa zvido (pane simba, sezvo vasati);
• Tinofanira kusiya nheyo proletarian internationalism, vachiitsiva ne kuchikosheswa pose dzevanhu tsika.

Sezvaunogona kuona, itsva mafungiro enyika - ndiwo chimurenga zvakakwana maonero enyika, kwete chete vamiririri mugovanisi ezvinhu, asiwo capitalist. Camp nyika, akatungamirirwa Soviet Union, akazarura chete vakwikwidzi. Panguva pamwero management anobvisa kurambidzwa zvose, zvachose mirawu nekuita nedzimwe nyika uye nzanga. Nyore, kuwana itsva mafungiro enyika wakaburuka chokuti zvino nyika haisi anorwisana mapati. All nyika vanofanira kuvaka ukama kunobva pakuenzanisa zvido.

kugadzirisa zvishoma

Gorbachev wakarondedzera pfungwa akatarisa anokwezva zvikuru uye akanaka. Mubhuku rake rinonzi panhau, akavimbisa kuti chinokosha misimboti hurumende yeSoviet haana kudzosa pasi mamiriro. pasocial misimboti All achaponeswa. Asi kuti nyika inogona kukwikwidzana vavakidzani panyika unofanira zvakakomba kushandura upfumi. Perestroika (zvishoma) ndechokuti zvakakosha kushandura mutemo. Kuti aite izvi,

• kuumba pamutemo yakasiyana framework;
• tanga itsva utariri chikwata, vaduku, mberi nyanzvi;
• kuvakazve kugadzirwa kudzora hurongwa.

Kureva, munhu vakaronga upfumi inofanira kushandura pamusika. Uye zvaireva kuti wezvokutengeserana uye mamiriro ezveupfumi pakati Soviet Union hawaizovazve kukoshesa. Kare, wakakodzera kazhinji yakavakwa pamwe mugovanisi nyika. Zvino, vose vadyidzani akanzi vakaenzana. Ukama nomumwe yaidzorwa chete yakawiriranwa zvido.

Shanduko dzidziso

Zvirokwazvo muverengi anoziva kuti ari USSR maiva akajeka uye kunyatsoomerera gadziriro dzakaitika uye pfungwa pokutanga. Vagari akarerwa ari nevatambi vechimurenga, gutsaruzhinji, pfungwa nebope chete capitalist maitiro. Rakavakwa dzakaitika dzidziso, iri zvakasiyana-siyana zvichishandurwa factology vakavanda pasingadiwi mifananidzo kubvira kare ehurumende. The itsva Mafungiro enyika Gorbachev rakasunungura nyika kubva nezvisungo yepakutanga. Izvi zvakaita kuti rethinking kare. Chiedza kudzura uye zvimwe chakaunzwa vakawanda kuziva asati anovanza munhoroondo chokwadi. Political netsika Nhamba rehabilitated, kwakanga yedzimudzangara itsva, masayendisiti enyika, venhau. Nyika zvakajairwa nevoruzhinji. About varo vazhinji Gorbachev akati, vachisimbisa kuti hapana zvakawanda kuviga, isu handidi. Zvisinei, zvematongerwo vepamusoro havasi vose pa- kutungamirirwa kukura.

paradzanisa

Muna 1987, ivo Plenum of Central Committee of CPSU kuzorwa Gorbachev, Yeltsin akaita. Akabva aishanda somunyori of Moscow City Party Committee. Musimboti matauriro ake anenge hapana kunzwisisa. Party mamwe masoja akashora maitiro ake haasi ndozvakajairwa kuti nguva siyana uye kunyimwa nzvimbo. Zvisinei, sezvo nguva akaratidza, Yeltsin akanga kure VANOONA wezvematongerwo enyika. Achiziva kuti nyika acharwisana zvakakomba ukapisa murwi, akatangawo nokushorwa, sezvo zvino vanoti. Pfungwa itsva mafungiro enyika panguva iyoyo rwakakamukana yakakura (Yeltsin) uye kuchinja (Ligachev). mapoka maviri aya nokuramba wakaomerera panzira akarwa pachavo nokuda simba pavanhu vakawanda. In mamiriro ichi, nyika kwakambova democratization. , A maitiro enyika kwakavakirwa hegemony imwe chete bato akamedura uye vakavakazve. Kune zvemagariro mapato matsva. Asi haasati izere multi-bato hurongwa. Kubva utungamiriri CPSU pamutemo kusiyiwa. Power kune hurumende dzeko. Muna USSR Armed Forces aida sarudza musarudzo kubva hwekutengeserana mibatanidzwa, veruzhinji nemasangano, ari Koshanda. Kuti, nzanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuzosvika kupfuura kuchinja multi-bato hurongwa.

Changes dzimwe negwaro

The kugadzirisa nyika zvikuru zvakakomba akazunungusa mafungiro kwairi rose. Kudivi rimwe, iro "yakabudirira vanhu" akavagamuchira azvaiitwa. Policy idzva enyika mafungiro vakaroorana vachinzwisisa sezvo mugumo kwokudzvinyirira pamusoro USSR vatsigiri. Mushure dzaimbova kutaurirana Moscow zvakare kana kudukupiswa sarudzo. Nyika Western akataura yakunda hweruzhinji, nokuongorora USSR pevatongi uye shure mamiriro. Ukuwo, mazvake hwenyika wenyika yedu kubvumira Makambani pose kushandisa zviwanikwa kare isina kwavari. Utungamiri munyika kuti asingaiti kupindira. Gorbachev aidavira pachokwadi kuti zvaizova nani kuti voruzhinji. Has rakakura chiitiko dzesangano achipinda nyika uye kuvaka zvebhizimisi - akanga achiti pamisangano uye congresses. Zvikuru vakavakazve vatorwa negwaro. The itsva Mafungiro enyika Gorbachev akabata yokutanga mugovanisi nyika. Vaifunga kuti ruoko Kremlin wacho simba uye vakasvika West.

Zvinobatsira M. S. Gorbacheva

Zvakakosha kutaura mashoko mashomanana pamusoro chikonzero kubudirira mutungamiri ichi. Akaratidza vanhu kare zvisati hweruzhinji. Ndakapinda mumigwagwa, wakatarira muzvitoro, kutaura vanhuwo. Kare, mukuru vanyori havana kudaro pachavo. Vaiva nevamwe vagari kudenga, mu pfungwa zvavo vomunyika. Gorbachev hakunganzi chinonyadzisa kana zvinonyadza kudzinga munyika kutsanangurira vanhu musimboti itsva mafungiro enyika. Izvi ungwaru bribed rose vanhu. Havana kunzwisisa kuti kutungamirira kunjodzi kukuru. Asi kana asina mhosva avo kare vakararama mu "girinihausi mamiriro". Mune USSR, mamiriro mufudzikadzi vanhu vave pokugara uye zvokudya. Ngaarege kudaro akanaka munyika dzokuMadokero, asi zvakawanda uye zvose.

"A zana akasiyana soseji"

Hazvibviri kutaura pamusoro kugadzirisa uye asingauyi kuyeuka iyi yakakurumbira chinyorwa. Akanga akaoma musoro kuti chinoyeukwa iri kukurukurwa nyaya iyi nhasi. Chokwadi chokuti Soviet Union yakanga chaizvo akaoma nezvokudya. Kunotenga nyama, ndaifanira kumirira kwemaawa tungamidzana. Uye Gorbachev akavimbisa kuti mutsva mafungiro enyika kuchakubatsira kuvandudza zvinhu. Mumwe chitoro vachava "akasiyana zana Sausages." Sezvineiwo, akanga akarurama. Nhasi mune muzvitoro zvose mwoyo wako unoda. kana chete vanhu vave vanofara? Uye kuti vanhu vakabvuma kugadzirisa, kana akaziva, vachatapwa kuburikidza kuti.

A mafungiro matsva

The inotyisa (nokuti mumwe vanoona mberi) mugumisiro kuchinja kwaiva kuparara Union. Gumi chinoda akawana rusununguko. About sei uye nei kwakadaro kunobvira, vezvematongerwo enyika kuyambuka minondo kusvikira ikozvino. Vamwe akadana Gorbachev mutengesi, vamwe vanoti kuti akanga zvakarurama zana kubva muzana. Izvi zvinonzi enyika pluralism. Hapana anogona kurambidza kufunga uye nhepfenyuro. Chaizvoizvo vanhu vacho rusununguko rwokutaura, apo pokurasikirwa simba, simba guru.

dzakawanda zvabuda

Pamepu nyika, itsva mamiriro uye hotspots, zvinosuwisa. Kusvikira zvino seboka West nechokwadi kuti akunde Soviet Union muna Cold War nebope pakati pepfungwa. New Kufunga zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti nyika yose (kusanganisira North Korea) yava capitalist. Mukuwedzera, mauto eSoviet akanga wakasuduruka kuEastern Europe. Izvi zvaitwa nokukurumidza, kufunga. Mamiriyoni vagari pakarepo vakasiya pasina mari uye basa mikana. Nokuti Europe, mumwe mukuru zvaitika aiva reunification kuGermany, kuti izvo Union utungamiri vakabvumirana pasina ose ezvinhu. Mutemo mutsva vaifunga kuti kupopotedzana haasi munhu, nyika yose iri imwe. Section of political nzvimbo yepasi zvakakonzera yokuti seboka West kwaita kunyura munyika yokumabvazuva European, vakatanga kuwa kwavo. Raparadza rokutanga Yugoslavia, kutambura NATO yaiparadza.

mhedziso

On migumisiro kugadzirisa zvakanyorwa zvikuru. Zvisinei, kufungidzira kwayo zvakaoma hazvibviri asi. Nokuda kuparadzwa mumwe zvino enyika mamiriro matanda yepasi vava kuda rufu. The capitalist Hurongwa, vachidikanwa yose yokurwisana, akanga untenable. The dambudziko ra2008 zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka. Panguva iyoyo tinogona kugamuchira mamwe nokuchinja kwakanaka kwakaitika. Nyika zvechokwadi yose, ndiyo chete. Zvino munhu wose akasununguka kusarudza kurarama sei uye kupi. Asi vasati vanhu ndiwo mubvunzo unokosha kupfuura, kuenda inotevera. ReJubhiri chidzidzo dzeUN General Assembly akaratidza enyika elites uye voruzhinji, kuti matambudziko tine zvakafanana. Uye vanofanira kugadzirisa pamwe chete, kunyange zvazvo pane masimba kuti havadi kubereka utungamiri refu-vakarasika. Vari kushandisa migumisiro kugadzirisa, takaita dambudziko (yezvataurwa V. V. Putina). Izviwo, zvachose itsva enyika mafungiro M. S. Gorbacheva. Uye haisati wokupedzisira.