Dzidzo uye nesayenzi muzana remakore rechi19 kuRussia

Remakore rechi19 kuti Russia aiva pakachinja, apo pakutanga simba remakore akapfuura Alexander I mushure regicide Paul I, kana sainzi uye dzidzo akatanga kukura nokukurumidza, waida kuchinja. kuchinja zvose izvi remakore rechi19 inogona rakakamurwa vekutanga nevechipiri sezvikamu.

Russia pachikumbaridzo remakore rechi19

The Nhaka wechiduku Emperor akamuka mamiriro, izvo ndavhiyiwa kuchinja sezvo zvichienzaniswa yapfuura nguva. Zvinokwanisika kuona mashomanana zvinokosha kuti anoratidza munyika ukuru:

1. Inosimudzira nzvimbo nokuda annexation pamusoro Crimea, Kazakhstan, kuBaltic States, Chakanaka-Bank Ukraine uye Western Belarus. Somugumisiro, uye vagari kwazova mamiriyoni 40. People, uyo 90% vaiva vanhuwo zvavo. Rakawedzera uye madhorobha vakawanda, kunyanya muSt Petersburg uye Moscow, izvo, chokwadi, kukanganiswa kukura nesayenzi muzana remakore rechi19 kuRussia.
2. Romanov akava varidzi kupfuura uye zvimwe kuzvimirira kubva dzimwe nyika Estates.
3. The bhajeti kwakawedzera zvinopfuura zvitatu zvichienzaniswa remakore rechi18.

Zvisinei, panguva yokusvika simba Alexander I, Russia aiva nyika apo yose mazuvaano chirongwa hove-up chakaitika tichiregeredza yavo vanhu, uye sainzi, dzidzo uye tsika nemagariro akapiwa shoma nguva.

Kukura nesayenzi yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19

Taura pamusoro kukura nesayenzi yokutanga yezana remakore kunogona kuwanikwa musi migumisiro anozivikanwa nemasayendisiti panguva iyoyo, nokuda nhasi zvinokwanisika kuona kubudirira hunoshamisa kudaro.

Sayenzi muzana remakore rechi19 kuRussia - ndiko, kupfuura zvose, masvomhu, wefizikisi uye kemisitiri.

In Kazan University pamasvomhu muzvinafundo Nikolai Lobachevsky akakwanisa kutanga matsva ari geometry, inonzi "dzisiri Euclidean". Physician Nikolai Pirogov akakwanisa kupindira kure mune mushonga kwenguva apo kufunga kuvhiyiwa. Aikwanisa kushandisa nayo kuhondo, kutanga kushandiswa Eteri yokutindivadza uye purasita vachikanda.

In wefizikisi, chikuru muupenyu pakudzidza panguva ino yakanga magetsi, uye ichi ndipo kuwanikwa kwakaitwa. Boris Jacobi akazarura electroforming nzira, uye ipapo akasika Motors akawanda yemagetsi uye telegraphs. A yefizikisi Vasily Petrov akakwanisa kuratidza sei unogona kushandisa magetsi okuvimba uye simbi hunde dzacho, havawanzoiti chinhu chakakombama uye mutariri ari rarefied gasi.

It yakatanga panguva iyi uye sainzi, nezvenyeredzi, saka, yakavhurwa 1839, Pulkovo Observatory, kwaaishanda zvomuchadenga Vasily Struve, akawana wevasungwa nyeredzi dziri hweGwara Way ndege.

Schools uye mumayunivhesiti

Pakutanga sayenzi uye dzidzo remakore rechi19 kuRussia akachinja, uye muna 1803 chirevo kuti vagovere nyika kupinda matanhatu edzidzo maruwa, mumwe nomumwe akanga kuvaka kuyunivhesiti. Zvisinei, akanga yakawanikwa makore 20 chete yepamusoro dzidzo masangano matatu, kusanganisira Moscow, Kazan uye St. Petersburg University. Nicholas I haana kutsigira pfungwa dzidzo, uye hapana yunivhesiti haana yakazaruka mukutonga kwake. Uyezve, anotenda kuti vana havafaniri kudzidziswa serfs zvakafanana ne zvose.

A dzidzo yakanaka inogona kuwanikwa, asi chete kwamachinda kumeso, akadai Tsarskoye tiiviste pedyo St. Petersburg, uye Demidov, uyo akanga ari Yaroslavl.

zvinhu zviri nani vaiva masangano dzidzo unyanzvi profile. Pakutanga kwezana remakore, zvakanzi yakawanikwa chete Mountain Institute, gare gare yakaonekwa Forest Institute. Nicholas I zvakanaka engineering dzidzo nemauto, saka kana azaruka rwokugadzira masangano muSt Petersburg uye Moscow, uyewo atirari uye Engineering Academy.

Education vakadzi

A akanaka katsika kufunga kuenderera kwevanhukadzi dzidzo, wakange akaiswa Ekaterina II, kuva vakadzi uye vanaamai vakanaka, uye zvakanaka. Naizvozvo, Masangano akasvinudzwa mumaguta akawanda kuti vasikana vanokudzwa mavambo: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, Chokwadi, Moscow uye St. Petersburg.

nevanhu

Humanities remakore rechi19 kuRussia, muzana rokutanga hafu, rurefu paruzhinji kufarira akatanga kukudziridza munhau, uye yakavhurwa ne Moscow Society of History uye Antiquities. Uyewo ichifarirwa akaratidzwa kune vakawanda nhoroondo uye zvemutauro, kusanganisira kwechiSlavonic, Chinese Studies, waiva kushanda pagadzirwe mabhuku uye periodicals.

Publishing rava nevakawanda zvikuru, uye muna 1809 yakadhindwa magazini 68 nyaya dzakasiyana uye 9 nemapepanhau. paiva basa rokushandura, uye vagari kuzivana nezvavatorwa mabhuku somugumisiro kuwanika uye kukura yokudhinda.

Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo mabhuku wokuRussia apo nyika akaziva Pushkin, Nekrasov uye Turgenev,. Panguva iyi, akamutsa nyaya dzakadai nokutambudzikira muduku murume kubva zvidzidzo maduku, asi panguva imwe chete, rwakaimbwa zvavo tsika nomumukanwa uye zvokunyorwa.

Science, dzidzo (remakore rechi19, wechipiri hafu, Russia)

Yechipiri hafu, apo feudalism akasvimha capitalism, zvinoda LEVEL okukura, kwete chete pakati vanhu vakadzidza, asi pakati vashandi vanhuwo, uye dzidzo pakutanga kwaiva kubata vaya sectors dzinoitwa hwandaiva upenyu.

Zvisinei, kukura yakaitwa ezvinhu akaoma, kana nzvimbo inochengetedzwa kunyange feudalism, vakatambudzwa autocracy, uye Russian masayendisiti, vanyori uye vaimbi vaifanira kushanda nesimba chaizvo.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti echimurenga sangano yakabatsira mberi sayenzi kure mberi apo Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, sydäntä uye akatambura, yava nguva kusunungura vanhu kubva serfdom. Zvose izvi zvakaita masayendisiti kuti zvakawanwa zvikuru kubatsira vanhu.

masayendisiti akakurumbira

Yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 inozivikanwa kubva nemaonero sayenzi sezvo kukura sayenzi zvepanyama, akadai wefizikisi, masvomhu, zvekemesitiri, zvemhuka uye jogirafi. kudiwa kwakadaro kunotemwa zvinodiwa muupenyu, mazuvaano okuwana uye chido vakudze masayendisiti ehurumende kuita uye zvakawanikwa kuti ichi chaiva nyaya Russian nesayenzi. Remakore rechi19, kutanga, "akapa" masayendisiti akadai Pafnutii Chebyshev, uyo akaedza kubatanidza matambudziko wemasvomhu uye sayenzi chaiwo akaita kuwanikwa dzidziso michina uye zvigadziriswe.

A mumiririri akakurumbira munyika yacho musayendisiti aiva mukadzi, Sofia Kovalevskaya, vasingagoni kuwana dzidzo yakakodzera muRussia uye akaenda kunze kwenyika, apo akatambira doctorate mu masvomhu. Zvisinei, iye raimiririra Russia, uye mabasa ake ave kuzivikanwa pasi pose.

Sayenzi muzana remakore rechi19 zviri Russia yabudirira Pazvinhu kubudirira wefizikisi, nemhaka masayendisiti akaita Alexander Stoletov, yaidzidza remagineti uye photoelectric mananara, uyewo akashanda somudzidzisi kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu, mukuru weDhipatimendi Moscow State University.

Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo Russian kemisiti Dmitri Mendeleev, musayendisiti akawana periodic mutemo zvine maatomu akafanana.

Zvinhu Zviri Kuchinjwa dzidzo

Kamwe munyika, pane miti zhinji uye mafekitari, aida vanhu nomazvo vanokwanisa kuverenga, kunyora, kunzwisisa michina inodiwa kuchinja dzidzo.

vanoverengeka zvinhu rwaiitwa, izvo zvakabatsira kusika muzvikoro chechi,-gore maviri uye kwemakore mana puraimari. Zemsky zvakare akazarura zvikoro zvepuraimari, kwaiva zvikuru zvakawanda purogiramu yokudzidza, uye Sunday chikoro nevakura vakambodzidza tsamba pashure basa.

rinonzi The Sayenzi yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 muRussia pakuwedzera samambure kudzidziswa chesekondari uye tertiary masangano. Mumaguta (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, Kharkov, Kiev) mumayunivhesiti akazarurwa, zvekushandisa masangano, uye zvikoro zvinoverengeka zvokurima.

Asi hurumende tsarist zvaikanganisa dzidzo, uye zvishoma akanga akazaruka, kunyange muzvikoro zvepuraimari, saka Russia aiva mumwe okupedzisira nzvimbo iri kuverenga. Pakazopera zana remakore kuverenga mwero 28 chete%, ukuwo pakati pavakadzi zvakanga 17 chete%.

Zvikoro kuvakadzi

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, chete vamiririri kwamachinda yokutanga yezana remakore vakagamuchira vamwe dzidzo, apo vaidzidziswa mitauro, tsika dzakanaka uye rokuchenesa. Sayenzi muzana remakore rechi19 muRussia vakadzi aiva chinhu shamisa uye zvisinganzwisisiki, kunyanya nokuti wakanga - kudzidza kuverenga, kunyora, uye yakanaka kwazvo.

Nesekondari zvikoro zvavo vakadzi kushanda haana kurarama kusvikira 60-ies. Educational masangano akatanga kuonekwa ari 70s, asi zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kubvuma kuti kumayunivhesiti yakavharwa zvachose vakadzi chero mukirasi.

Nokuda evanhu sangano, zvakanzi akazarurwa zvikoro vakadzi vanoverengeka dzakakwirira, zvokurapa makosi, asi pamberi chimurenga pamusoro rechi20 remakore vakadzi kwete akaenzana chinzvimbo.

Kukura nevanhu vomuzana remakore rechi19 Russia

A chairwo chepfungwa nyika yakanga kuti pakanyorwa kusadzidza vazhinji vemo aiva mukuru mwero okukura sayenzi, apo paiva hunoshamisa buri kuti yose zvayo.

Chinhu chikuru kuti chakaitwa muna nevanhu, sezvo iri yokusika akaunganidzwa mabasa pamusoro nhoroondo Russia kubvira makarekare ino nguva (yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19), iyo yakatangwa Academician Sergeem Solovevym, mune mavhoriyamu 29. muunganidzwa ichi , uye nhasi ndiyo yakakwana pamusoro nhoroondo yacho.

Munguva iyi, pane zvikazikamwa kune vose Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, izvo akamutsa vanopfuura 200,000 mashoko. Kuwedzera mashoko mubhuku vanobatanidzwa zvirevo uye mashoko, uyewo chaizvo nemashoko.

Kudzidza mabhuku Russian vaiita munyori AN Afanasiev akawana mukurumbira uye nebasa Russian muzivi, uyo akadzidzawo mabhuku ekare Russian uye ngano, asi academician Buslaeva.

Humanities muzana remakore rechi19 kuRussia akauya pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu zvakaoma pamusoro mugovanisi urongwa, apo paiva kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, kutanga nokuchinja kwehurumende, uye vanhu vakanga vachitsvaka nzira pakuzadzisa nyika, iyo kwakaratidzwa mabhuku, izvo rakakamurwa zvitatu: yakaoma realism, proletarian mabhuku uye modernism .

Results remakore rechi19

Nokuti Russia, remakore rechi19 raiva risingakanganwiki, siyana chaizvo, heterogeneous uye dzinopesana munyaya zvose zvoupenyu, paupenyu vanhuwo zvavo, uyo akava vakasununguka chete pamugumo remakore, uye anopera yokutonga madzimambo mana, mumwe nomumwe chinhu Zvakanaka, asi chinhu kwaiva kutadza zvachose. Zvisinei, sayenzi yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19 kuRussia, uyewo wechipiri, inozivikanwa nechido remasayendisiti kuti tisvike kumboitika miti, pasinei nematambudziko kuti kudziviswa kukura. Mumazana remakore kuti zvakawanwa kuti nhasi munzvimbo dzese ruzivo vari chemhando chechetere.