The Russian chimurenga chekutanga

prerequisites

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore nyika dzokuEurope vakazunza simba zvoupfumi. I mwoyo uye Russia. Mumatongo zviuru diki uye svikiro kadikidiki emakambani, uye mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakanga vasara pasina basa. Pamusoro zvose, pakati Russia uye Japan, hondo yakatanga, umo hondo Russian akatambura unorema kukundwa. Urombo uye kushayikwa kwemabasa kunge akabata vanhu vazhinji. Pasinei nokukurumidza kana kutanga bhizimisi iri Russian Empire, mabasa haana kukwana. Dambudziko akachipa kunzwa zvizere. izvi zvose zvinoisa matambudziko nyika. Mumisha vachiwedzera landless vanhuwo zvavo, uyo achangobva havana kukwanisa kubhadhara shomanana minda, akagovera nazvo vainge vava kugarazve panguva 1861 kuchinja nyika kuSiberia kana kuFar East pamwe utsinye okunze dzavo havambofaniri vose.

Pasinei kuchinja munyika kuti kwakaitika kubudikidza iyoyo Russian Empire akanga achiri umambo Mhedziso, umo vakawanda chavagari rakanga vachinyimwa kodzero dzavo. Ipapo uye rudzi kudzvinyirira vanhu vakawanda havana kunyange vane mukana wokudzidzisa vana mumutauro wadzo, tisingatauri kurishandisa pavazhe kana hurumende masangano.

Kutanga chimurenga

Izvi Muchidimbu, aiva mamiriro ezvinhu umo First Russian Revolution. The Chikonzero kwayo vaiva zviitiko yaJanuary 9, 1905 Pazuva iri, kuratidzwa vashandi, akatungamirirwa mupristi Gapon akaenda kuna Winter Palace muguta guru kupa mambo chikumbiro vachirayira nani nekubata ezvinhu, urongwa enyika rusununguko, etc. 140,000th Mbiru pamwe mifananidzo uye Portraits of chamber akaenda kumuzinda kana azarura moto pamusoro mapurisa nemasoja. Kupfuura zviuru vanhu vakaurayiwa uye zviuru zvakawanda akakuvara.

Pashure pechiitiko ichi, nyika yakatanga somwenje. Benzi mhirizhonga zvatsamwisa zvevanhu, uye vakatanga kuramwa uye Misangano mikuru mhiri Russia. Pacharo, guta guru muAtlantic vashandi kuwirirana navarwi. Saka vakatanga Russian chimurenga yokutanga.

Muzvikamu zvakasiyana nzanga zvakasiyana sei kuti chiitiko. Simbisa matatu misasa enyika: ari kuchinja, sunungukei uye echimurenga-democratic. Aimbova anosanganisira vatsigiri autocracy (landlords, machinda, vatariri, kwamachinda), izvo wakanyatsokodzera yaivapo echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu. Vakanga vakagadzirira kusiya zvose sezvazviri. The kupfuura okunyanyisa vamiriri ichi muitiro vaiva Black Mazana - nhengo "Union vanhu Russian." The worupo mumusasa mberi pfungwa vanokudzwa, vakangwara, kuti bourgeoisie. Ava vaiva zvikamu vokuparidzira, uyo aida pokuchinja, kupfuura zvose, kuwedzera kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika uye rusununguko, mukana kuitawo inodzora nyika. Pakazosvika echimurenga democratic musasa vakatsigira vashandi, murombo vanhuwo zvavo, ivo dzenhando bourgeoisie. Vanhu ava vanoda kutsigira Socialist-kuipandukira uye Social Democrats, uyo waitsigira sapakuparadzwa mambo uye kugadzwa ane zvokuvhoterwa.

Muna 1905 hurumende yokutanga Russian raiva kuwedzerazve. Nechekare muzhizha parinouya uye kuramwa nguva kubatanidzwa vanhu miriyoni kuti. Vakatanga kuita kutaura dzavo, uye vamiririri kufamba nenyika. Mambo akaita zvichemo: kutanga, zvakanga aibvumirwa kusika munhu paramende - State Duma, uye gare gare vanhu vakagamuchira rusununguko enyika. Kuwedzerwa uye uwandu vanhu vanogona kutora chikamu mune musarudzo dzeparamende.

Manifestos pamusoro pokugadzwa Duma uye enyika rusununguko zvakagamuchirwa nenzira liberals. Chero enyika akadai mapato sezvo Cadets uye Octobrists, vakanga vachida kuitawo sarudzo kusvika Duma. Maererano vatungamiri Liberals, pokuchinja wokutanga (sezvazvakanyorwa ichanzi pashure) yabudirira zvinangwa zvayo.

Asi nemhomho yavanhu, zvichemo izvi havana nechivimbo. Muzhizha uye matsutso egore iroro yokupanduka kunyange akabata mauto uye zvikepe, vakanga vaiona kutsigira hurumende. Revolution hwapararira Sea Black uye Baltic vengarava, masoja, Kharkov, Kiev, Tashkent, Warsaw ravarwi. Asi zviito zvose izvi havana kugamuchira wakafara rutsigiro uye vakanga nokukurumidza woutsinye. Muna December 1905, kupanduka yakatanga kushanda muMoscow. Achibatsirwa mauto vakauya kubva St. Petersburg hurumende akakwanisa vasachiziva, uye gare gare rehondo vakarwadziwa zvesimba mune mamwe maguta. Public basa vakatanga kupinda kuderera. Asi gore rinouya, nazvino akaramba murimi mudiki yokumukira.

Kuguma uye zvabuda

Muna 1906 akatanga kushanda wa1 State Duma. Parliament Izvi hazvina kutora nguva refu uye akanga arega kwavo zvakare yakakura sezvamunoita. The zvinoitirwa yaakavingwa inotevera Duma. Zvadaro, June 3, 1907 mutemo mutsva, nhamba vavhoti suzivshy rakazoshandiswa. chiitiko ichi chaizvoizvo yakapera Russian chimurenga yokutanga. Uremu mienzanisiro nokuda nguva vakanga kushanda woutsinye. nhengo dzavo dzakaguma hwavo kana pamatanda, nomazvo ainzi "Stolypin necktie" (mushure ipapo Prime Minister), kana mutirongo uye zvakaoma.

Saka, chii chakaita Russian chimurenga chekutanga, uye nei izvozvo vakakundikana? Mhinduro yomubvunzo wechipiri pachena: enyika masimba ariita, akaita vakaparadzana, zvavanoda regai kazhinji zvinopikisana. Kana kuguma, chinonyanya kukosha harizi shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika. The State Duma, akazviratidza kosi vechimurenga, vakagarapo. Pasinei painogumira, zvinonzi Zvisinei, akachinja mberi wokuti hurumende. Uye panguva imwe chete zvinova chikuva enyika akawanda. Vamiririri akadzvinyirira vanhu chimurenga kwakaunza mukana kubudisa mabhuku uye mapepanhau mumutauro wavo, kuti kurishandisa chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo zvesimba. Asi nechikoro dzavo chizvarwa mutauro vanhu vazhinji (somuenzaniso, Ukrainians uye Belarusians) uye anoramba dzisingambosvikiki.