Types, chinangwa uye mazita ose mabheyaringi

Kubereka mazita nhasi inoshandiswa zvikuru muminda okuwana ano siyana, nokuti hazvidi kushaika chikamu, iro nhasi rinoshandiswa akawanda zvaunoda dzakasiyana-siyana zvigadziriswe uye pamagungano. To musi, avo kushandiswa kwakapararira pazvose kubva vakasiyana Ndiwe nezuva uye kupedza pamwe huru michina inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa michina.

Hapana ano zvebhizimisi, maindasitiri kunzwisisa kana maindasitiri kushamwaridzana havagoni kushandisa izvi kana zvimwe pakunzi pakati mabheyaringi uye zvigadzirwa pachavo, izvo saka kuva shoma upenyu, uye chete chikonzero chinoita ichi ndechokuti havambokwanisi imwe nzira. Nezvenyaya iyi, akaramba uye basa mapoka akasiyana-siyana, uye nokudaro kushanda kwavo hupfumi iri zvakananga novimba zvakadini rinowanika nenguva tsika uye akaisa zvigadzirwa avo vari chiitiko kusakara.

nyaya

Havasi vose nemazvo kunzwisisa yekare shoko, kutaura zvinhu zvitsva ingori refu-kukanganwika kare. Uyu mutsara usingafi rakanyatsojeka akakodzera anenge chero zvemazuva ano, kunyanya pamusoro kubereka, pasinei nokuti kubva panguva iyoyo, sezvo paiva mazita ose mabheyaringi wokutanga, akanga atova shanduka nzira hombe, uye pakutanga zvigadzirwa izvi kutarira kure sezvinoitwa nhasi vazhinji.

Kana iwe chete vanoshamba zvakadzama kare, tinofanira kutanga 3500 BC, kana vagere Egipita yekare yaishandiswa, kunyange zvikuru chinyakare, asi panguva imwe chete nguva yaro inoshanda chaizvo rutsigiro mabheyaringi, izvo, zvisinei, panguva nguva haisati rakashandiswa balls. Inenge 700-M BC VaCelt aitozivikanwa uye kushandiswa chaizvo zvigadzirwa, izvo nguva yedu mazita anoreva sezvo mabheyaringi, cylindrical chinotenderera mudziyo.

Danho rinotevera - 330 BC, umo imwe yakakurumbira mainjiniya vekare Greece Diad akakwanisa kusika munhu dzakazara kukombwa michini, mumwe mukuru zvinhu zvakanga chaizvo chinyakare mabheyaringi. muchina uyu mukuru-giredhi muhombe kurova gondohwe nyore kuti kufamba famba tichibatsirwa chinotenderera vakapofumara. Ndiko kuti, pamaitiro, musimboti zvakaratidzwa kuti unobereka chero bhora akatakura, kureva kuti zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kukweshera kuwana yaitsiva tikaisa kukweshera, saka motokari aigona kuita mabasa ayo nyore, uchishandisa kure zvishoma simba.

Muna 1490, Leonardo da Vinci akazogadzira nyika yokutanga rinopfungaira kubereka mufanidzo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti nokugadzirwa kwakaita mumwe kurunga chaicho nyanzvi yeChina, asi chaizvoizvo nokufamba kwenguva, vakawanda vakaziva kuti panguva ino kwakanga hadzisi kushanda.

Muna 1794 paiva patenting wokutanga rinopfungaira kubereka, izvo zvakafanana mudziyo ano. Zvinosuruvarisa kushandiswa mharidzo iyi, tsika, zvakare, akanga asina kuenda kuitika, nekuti kuti kuziva zvakazara pfungwa iyi, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti zvimwe zvekushandisa zvinogona, sezvo kushandiswa ruoko makorari hazvibviri kuita zvabuda zvakakodzera.

Muna 1839, mumwe musayendisiti kubva America ainzi Isaka Babbitt tega rinokosha chiwanikwa, izvo zvakatanga kubudiswa balls, mamwe zvinosanganisira nhengo dzaro zvizere chinotenderera kubereka. chiwanikwa Izvi zvinosanganisira kwaro sezvamunoita mhangura, namavara akanaka, kutungamirira uye gaba.

Uyezve paiva budiriro chaiyo mumunda inzwi kubva waishandiswa nemaonero, vakatakura zvivako, uye ruzhinji vavo, Chokwadi, rakachengetedzwa patented. Muna 1853, Phillip Moritz Fischer mapurani yokutanga munhoroondo bhasikoro chitiviri, iyo nzira yaiva unyanzvi chinotenderera kubereka.

Rekupedzisira kukosha kutanga kupararira kuparadzirwa uye kushandisa chigadzirwa kukura kwakadaro kwave kuti Friedrich Fischer akasikwa 1883, motokari nayo kunze kukuya balls dzakagadzirwa mukukutu simbi. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muchina uyu inowana chikuru nenhanho nokugeda, izvo kare aingovawo musimbise. Kuburikidza pakasikwa muchina uyu rakasvika nyika yakakurumbira shveynfurtskoy zvinobereka chirimwa, uye mune ramangwana, zvigadzirwa zvakadaro akatotanga kushandiswa kushanda kwose kwose.

Kubvira ipapo akaramba achiita kuvandudza ruzivo vari kuwedzera - yakatengwa neyakarurama midziyo, vakatanga kutakura zvinobereka nhamba, yakatanga vamwe mitemo inoshandiswa. Pakupedzisira, tinoona zvaizivikanwa zvakawanda, pasina iro nhasi kwakaoma zvisingaiti kufungidzira ano kugadzirwa.

Kupfuura mukurumbira uye yakakurumbira munguva yedu vanogona kunzi pachena mabheyaringi uye chinotenderera mabheyaringi, saka munyaya ino tigokuitira pamwe zviri zvavo kushandiswa.

rinopfungaira mabheyaringi

Inokosha pamusoro chikumbiro ichi ndicho kubereka simba kukweshera mabheyaringi. chigadzirwa kwakadaro ane chimiro iyo rinoumbwa maviri simbi zvindori vane paburi, izvo akaronga pakati rollers, tsono kana balls, nokugara mukati separator anoda pakati zvindori. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti haugoni kuwana rinobereka nhamba, ichipa mukana pasina separator iri kugadzirwa kwayo.

Ndezvipi kusawirirana kwavo?

Modern mabheyaringi kuti patsanura akawanda zvinhu zvinhu:

• miviri Type anoshandiswa kupa chaizvo mabheyaringi - chinotenderera / tsono kana bhora mabheyaringi;
• Nyorai zvinobvira mutoro - Linear vaise, TOUR, uye chisina kutsetseka kuonana bhora screws.
• Uwandu zvinhu zvinoshandiswa - kubva chete mumutsetse multirow.
• Mukana kupa muripo nokuda chokwadi kuti akagadzira hapana inogara ruoko nomubato - nesamoustanavlivayuschiesya uye kuzvidzora tsitsi.

zvakwakanakira

Pane zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakanakira kuti kusiyanisa mabheyaringi izvi. GOST anogadza zvikuru kuzviomesera kugadzirwa mitemo zvigadzirwa zvakadaro, zvaidiwa izvo zvinofanira kupa zvinotevera zvakanakira:

• Zvikuru yakakwirira KDA iyo inopiwa kuwana risingamboshandisi kurasikirwa nokuda kukweshera.
• Dzimwe nguva, mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunyange kagumi duku mvongamupopoto torque ichienzaniswa pachena mabheyaringi.
• Kusavapo zvakakwana chero chikonzero kushandisa dzinodhura vasiri ferrous simbi, pasina izvozvo kugona kushandiswa zvinobudirira mabheyaringi, riri zvikuru pesvedzero inobatsira yepakutanga mutengo uye, naizvozvo, wokupedzisira mutengo, izvo ndine mabheyaringi. GOST Saka zvakajeka zvikuru zvinoratidza zvinodiwa kugadzirwa kwavo, saka hatifaniri kunetseka kuti mari shoma uchawana zvishoma unhu chigadzirwa.
• Kugona kugadzira mabheyaringi kuti chero saizi uri kuziva nenzira akabatana, zvokuti avo chikumbiro siyana chinoshanda chaizvo.
• Excellent waivako parameters uyewo nyore zvizere basa akabatana hama nyore kuti kutsiviwa.
• Zvikuru pasi mafuta rinodyiwa.
• Low ukoshi zvakakwana kuti chinomiririra mhedzisiro vakawanda kwazvo kugadzirwa nyaya dzakadaro, uye uwandu zvakashandiswa.
• Zvikuru mukuru mwero zvakafanana, izvo kunobatsirawo pamusoro zvinonyatsorehwa kukosha nyore uye kumhanya kugadziriswa-siyana zvokushandisa uye michina.

nezvayakaipira

Izvi hazvirevi kuti kunyange pakunzi kupinza mabheyaringi kwakadai rinopa kuti vane zvimwe zvainovhiringidzawo, zvinoti:

• A dzakasiyana zviduku pamusoro mafomu. Kazhinji zvakanaka kana nekukatanura kureva mabheyaringi, achiongorora zvaive unhu hwavo pachena zvichiratidza unsuitability kwavo zvizere kushandiswa midziyo uchishanda panguva Ultra-soro aimhanya uye makuru vibration uye kuvhunduka mitoro, sezvo nyaya zvose zvakadaro hakusi pasi.
• Zvikuru yakakura uremu uye kukura mune TOUR negwara.
• Kushaikwa mukana kuumba munhu zvachose noiseless mabheyaringi nokuda kwokukanganisa marudzi.
• Pane kuoma kuisa ose kubereka edunhu.
• Zvinofanira kuva zvikuru dzakateerera nechokwadi kuti sezvo rakada sezvinobvira kuisa zvigadzirwa zvakadaro, sezvinoratidzwa notation mabheyaringi. Decoding huru parameters uye anobatsira mienzaniso yavo kushandiswa anoratidza kuti kunyange mashoko okuti duku kunogona pakupedzisira kukonzera waipedza yose nzvimbo.
• In muitiro mukugadzira batch duku mabheyaringi nevasiri mureza hukuru hwavo mutengo inowedzera asi zvakasimba.

Plain mabheyaringi

Rokuti GOST chokuita kunoratidza kuti zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope mudziyo uri muviri pamwe buri mukati iro riri lubricating mudziyo uye kushandiswa ruoko zvakagadzirwa antifriction zvinhu. Vachishandisa kutenderera nomubato rinoitwa nomudzimu Clearance inopiwa pakati payo uye gomba. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuverenga pamusoro pakakoromoka anopiwa vainyatsotarisirwa, sezvo zvimwe kwete kupa munhu anobudirira zvechokwadi chokupika chigadzirwa ichi. Ndokusaka pakunzi SKF mabheyaringi uye Logos mamwe vaburitsi nyika zvikuru, kanenge, unogona kuva nechivimbo chokuti maitiro avo anoenderana yakakwirira pamwero mishonga uye haazobvumiri nechokwadi kubudirira aripo zvigadzirwa.

Zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kukweshera mune zvinhu izvi rakakamurwa huru mumapoka akawanda:

• Muganhu. The mafuta anofukidza nhete firimu chigadzirwa, asi kubereka riri neVadzidzi nomubato zvizere kana chete inokanganisa nzvimbo pamusoro refu-ubate.
• Liquid. Kuburikidza kushanda kunoita mvura noukama rukoko zvakakwana kunze zvakananga kuramba richikurukurirana inobereka uye mugodhi hukawanika. Kwakadaro kuonana chinogona zvachose vasipo kana kuva kusagadzikana mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
• Gas. Nokuda pamberi gasi rukoko pakati nyaya nomubato panobviswa chose mukana zvakananga noruzhinji.
• Dry. The mafuta harishandiswi pfungwa, uye miseve nokudaro chose kufukidza kubereka diameters kana okurutivi avo zvikamu zvikuru urefu.

Zvichienderana mhando chigadzirwa zvingashandiswa mapurasitiki, mvura, gaseous kana rakasimba mafuta.

kupatsanura

The kupatsanura mishonga yakadaro rinoitwa maererano anotevera zvinhu:

• Hole muenzaniso - odnopoverhnostnye kana mnogopoverhnostnye; kure-pakati kana pasina kwaakarerekera; Akasiya kana pemvura pasina misha.
• Directions mutoro kwekumuka - axial, TOUR kana chisina kutsetseka kuonana.
• Kuwanda vaishandisa mafuta mavharuvhu - imwe kana maviri kana kupfuura.
• Construction - paradzanisa, mumwe-chigamba kana akavaka.
• Adjustability - kukwanisa kuchinja kana wake asipo.

zvakwakanakira

Achitaura pamusoro huru zvakanakira zvigadzirwa zvakadaro, vose varipo dzakawanda:

• Zvikuru zvakawanda zvichiita chikumbira nokuti kuti mabheyaringi anogona kushanda anowanzoita kunyange yakakwirira kuvhunduka uye vibration mitoro, kana pane imwe zvakakwana kumhanya.
• Zvakakwana yakakwirira mwero kunyatsoshanda, kana kushandiswa huru dhayamita mugodhi.
• Kukwanisa kushandisa somunhu releasable kubereka.
• Kukwanisa kugovera kuchinja kubva pakakoromoka, saka kuti nomubato akabatana inogona akaiswa yokunyanyisa nemazvo.

kutadza

Izvi, chokwadi, nokuti zvinhu zvakadai, pane dzimwe payakaipira:

• Kusiyana kuti, sezvinoratidzwa pakunzi rinopfungaira mabheyaringi, ndicho chikuru kunyatsoshanda kwete, sezvo pane zvikuru zvinokosha nezvinhu nokuda kukweshera.
• Hakuna mukana kuitira inowanzotorwa kushanda pasina nguva lubrication.
• Gogonera kurema nembambo, uye zvigadzirwa zvawo.
• Enough kudhura nokuda kudiwa kushandiswa dzose vasiri ferrous nesimbi iri mukugadzira kwacho.
• The hombe basa mazano ari kugadzirwa.

chokuguma

zvigadzirwa zvose zviri kugadzirwa Russia, anofanira aifanira kunzi kubudikidza vagadziri, uye akaisa kubereka rokuti maererano GOST. The Kunyora upi kubereka ano rine digits nomwe huru mazita, uyewo mamwe mabhii kuti vari kuruboshwe kana kurudyi huru mazita. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti huru okuwedzera chokuguma kuruboshwe vanofanira nguva dzose kuparadzaniswa ne- hyphen, apo kodzero ndiyo tsamba mabheyaringi. Panyaya iyi, zviratidzo kuzvidzosera anofanira kuverengwa chete kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi.

Leftist zviratidzo, izvo zvinosanganisira pakunzi pakati mabheyaringi ari mufananidzo, ane zvinotevera:

• kukweshera torque;
• zvinogadzirwa chikamu;
• Kururama kirasi ;
• boka TOUR Clearance.

Kurudyi kunoratidzwa sezvinotevera:

• STRUCTURAL kuchinja;
• zvinhu zvaishandiswa kugadzira muitiro date zvinhu;
• mafuta;
• ari tempering tembiricha;
• dzinokosha zvinodiwa kuitira pamwero vibration.

diameters

Kana riri rokuti dhayamita saizi hapana anopfuura 10 neMM, ipapo kukosha iri nezvenzvimbo chezita dhayamita, uye chete kunze iyi ndivo mabheyaringi kuva mawindo pamwe diameters vari kuwanda 0.6-2.5 neMM, rokuti rinoitwa ne fractional nhamba. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kana dhayamita imwe fractional kukosha, ipapo Chikwata achapiwa vakagumisa kuti integer, apo nzvimbo yechipiri muna notation zvibereko izvi akarambwa digit "5".

Kubereka Buri iro dhayamita iri 10, 12, 15 kana 17 mm mu dhayamita vane ayo rokuti nhamba 00, 01, 02 kana 03 azvaitwa. Kana buri ichi vane saizi iri kuwanda 10 kusvika 19 neMM, asi izvi haana kuiswawo pakati pamazita akataura pamusoro, ipapo chigadzirwa akasarudzwa pedyo integer kumusoro, uye nhamba "9" anoiswa rechitatu nzvimbo chokuguma.

Kana gomba dhayamita iri 22, 28, 32 kana 500 neMM, muchiitiko ichi, ivo tsanangurai fractional ukoshi. Somuenzaniso, imwe chigadzirwa pamwe 22 mm dhayamita angava rokuti "602/22."

Kana gomba dhayamita iri rose kana fractional nhamba kuti haisi vakawanda vashanu, umo nyaya yavari akasarudzwa sezvo vakasungwa kuti integer pamusoro quotient of dhayamita pa 5. Saizvozvo inokosha notation nyaya dzakadaro inosanganisira digit rechitatu "9".

Yomukati dhayamita ari kubereka ane dzikapupurira kwazvo 500 neMM, ane chiratidzo chiri akafanana ne chaiyo buri dhayamita dzaona mu millimeters.

Uyezve, divi yaitevedzana inoratidza kubereka, rinosanganisira mubatanidzwa munhevedzano widths uye diameters kusarudza chaiyo kukura.