Types zvetsamba. Mhando pamutemo tsamba

Kubvira kare, vanhu vanoshandisa mhando dzakasiyana tsamba kugoverana ruzivo nevezera ravo. Masayendisiti, vanochera matongo vakawana mashoko akadaro pamahwendefa evhu, zvidimbu nemakwati, kana dehwe. Ichi chisimbiso pachena kuti munhu kuburikidza kunyora agara achiedza kutaura pfungwa dzavo uye zvinangwa.

The tsananguro

Mumwe dzokukurukurirana nadzo pakati vanhu kushandisa mutauro constructs ane basa kutaura. Rinomirira kuedza zvimwe murume wacho, izvo nechinangwa kuwana imwe chinangwa. Muchiitiko chino, kutaura basa ane mhuka dzakadai kutaura, kuverenga, kushandura, achinyorera uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvose izvi achishandisa kutaurirana pakati vanhu.

Kunyora ari muchimiro kutaura basa iri anotsigira hurongwa zviratidzo. Zvinonzi inoshandiswa kugadzira mutauro zvakarekodhwa. Asi panguva imwe chete tsamba iri yakazvimirira kukurukurirana hurongwa kuti ane nhamba vakaberekwa zviri kwaari chete. Kunze pakunyora matauriro basa rinopa vanhu mukana wokudzidza zivo nezvizvarwa, uye kuwedzera kukura yokukurukurirana. Mune mamwe mazwi, tsamba anosunga vanhu zvakadyiwa pasina mukana zvakananga kutaurirana maererano vaparadzane nenguva kana nzvimbo.

Zvishoma zvakasiyana akadudzira izwi Russian mabhuku mutauro ramakore rechi18. Mumazuva iwayo shoko "tsamba" kuwedzera tsamba pamwe rugwaro bepa uye vainzwisisa munyori akanyora rondedzero, kana chigadzirwa. dudziro iyi yakapiwa kuti izwi nezvichaitika chinokosha simba mutauro wePolish kuna Russian, vakatora nzvimbo iyoyo.

Nhasi, nokuti tsamba akaramba zvaainyanya - ruzivo chaitika. Zvisinei, yekudyidzana akawedzera ndandanda modes kuti kupararira shoko. Saka, nhasi tsamba inowanika kuburikidza nee-mail, uyewo kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana Multimedia zvinhu (mifananidzo, maCD kana mavhidhiyo).

kupatsanura mashoko

Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana mashoko zvevakomana. Kutanga, izvo akakamurwa pamusoro bepa, ane tsika uye zvemagetsi.

Chokutanga mhando ndiyo tsamba tsamba siyana, rakanamwa hamvuropu. Mashoko akadaro kure yatumira ayo wacho.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana e-mail akatumira nokushandisa nzira dzemazuva ano yokukurukurirana (via mae-mail, Chat, video, uye zvichingodaro. D.), Chaizvoizvo, hazvina akasiyana chinyakare vaya. Ivo, kufanana dzavo vamutangira, vane yatumira uye kero kugamuchira wacho, huru informational rugwaro, siginicha, zuva uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvisinei, pamidziyo yemagetsi tsamba vari inokosha nzira yokukurukurirana. Uchibatsirwa kwavo, vanhu vanogona kutaura mune nhaurirano muoti, teleconferencing, etc. D. Nemamwe mashoko, e-mail kunopa guru mukana chavanhu, achitumira chero mashoko mumasekonzi panguva achapesana ane bhatani chiyamuro.

Pane imwe kupatsanura, maererano iyo huru mhando zvinotevera tsamba:

1. Friendly. Muinyore zvaizivikanwa vanhu kurarama, kazhinji pane imwe munharaunda.
2. Rudo. Vanonyora dzorudo kuti vasati yakatotsakatika munyika yanhasi. Tsamba yakadaro, uzere manzwiro, sapamazuva akare, rambai nendege paimba neimba, ichiyambuka miganhu kumatunhu, nyika uye makondinendi.
3. Advertising. chinangwa chavo chikuru chine chokuita rokutengesa. Nhasi mu Russia, tsamba dzakadaro uchangotanga kuva akakurumbira, kuwedzera mavhoriyamu uye kukura gore negore. Izvi zvingasanganisira-siyana ezvokutengeserana inopa, zviziviso kushambadza, zvichingodaro. D.
4. Business. tsamba izvi zvichiitirwa vatengi uye ishamwari, navatariri namachinda. Kutumira matsamba kwakadaro zvachose kudzorwa. The tsamba inofanira munguva kusvika kwauri kuenda kutaura mashoko anokosha kwaari.

Kune mamwe marudzi mashoko. Saka, pane tsamba, riri vasiyana pfupiso rwunotumirwa veHigh, vapepeti, rekupinda uyewo zvemafoni rutsigiro.

Kudiwa mabhizimisi matsamba

In vaigadzirira mukuru murume tsamba kashoma kufunga nezvokuti nzira yokugadzirwa kwayo uye mharidzo kukwenenzverwa kwemazana emakore. Business tsamba, sezvo kare, zvinhu zvinokosha nzira yokukurukurirana pakati nevaari siyana. Panguva iyoyo vari chimwe Generic zita - "tsamba pamutemo". Pfungwa iyi zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana siyana kugutsikana magwaro, akambochera maererano huripo vaenzi uye dzatumira kubudikidza Fax, tsamba kana neimwe nzira. The chinyorwa tsamba yakadaro inofanira kuva akarurama, kuverenga uye yakarurama. On ichi kuchaenderana zvakananga pamusoro kugadzirisa dambudziko, uye nokudaro kubudirira zvebhizimisi rose.

Nyaya dzemabhizimisi matsamba

Drafting munhu compendium ( "pismovnikov") ine mimwe magwaro, zvakatanga muna Russia mukuvamba rechi18. Precursors mabhuku aya aiva "formulyarniki", iro aishandiswa kuMadokero kare 7th remakore.

vatungamiriri Vose zvine rondedzero nezvokuzadziswa magwaro, uyewo avo kutevedzana. Yaiva mhando kugadzirwa kuunganidza kuti vanyori. Izvi, zvakanga zvichiita kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro pokuvakwa gwaro, uyewo tinyatsoziva chine templates mashoko uye zvirevo zviri chinokosha mukuru nokuzvibata.

Mumwe "pismovnikov" zvirimwa aiva "titulyarnik". In muunganidzwa ichi raiva mashoko pamusoro sei kuperetera zvizere youmambo rokuremekedza.

Vakanga "pismovnike" uye zvinodiwa kuti kunyora munyori, uye ruvara uye unhu papepa. matsamba All rwunotumirwa mahamvuropu dzakanga rakanamatidzwa wakisi kana chitete.

Munguva Soviet ari Genre zvemabhizimisi tsamba, vakagamuchirwa muna Imperial Russia raingoreva vachadzingwa somunhu kakasaririra kare. Hurumende Soviet vakarerutsa kukosha mubhizimisi tsamba. Uyezve, kushaya makwikwi uye vakasununguka zvebhizimisi kunyimwa kudiwa achitsetsenura uye mukuunza kugombedzera nharo kuti shamwari pamusoro pakutanga pamwe.

Mhando dzebhizimisi tsamba

Pari, hapana mukuru tsamba musaita sangano chero chete. Official matsamba inoshandiswa kugadzirisa operative nyaya dzakawanda kuti inomuka bhizimisi zvakanaka uye.

Chero tsamba zvebhizimisi - hazvina kufanana mashoko mashoko, akatakura hunhu pamutemo. Ndokusaka tsamba yakadaro pasi pamutemo, uye dzaiita zvokutaurwa mushumo vamwe haritirambidzi kudiwa chacho no.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana pamutemo tsamba. Muchiitiko chino, kupatsanura kwavo kunobva zvinhu zviri tinoberekwa pavo. Saka, kusunungurwa:

• Official tsamba zvinoda kupindurwa. Izvi tsamba chikumbiro tsamba kuchikosha, tsamba bhuku , uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Business matsamba, izvo hairevi mhinduro. Vanosanganisira tsamba yambiro, chiyeuchidzo tsamba, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Business matsamba inogona Classified uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Sezvo pane mhando mashoko basa pursuant pacho, zvose mureza uye vaGiriyedhi hoc. Chokutanga izvi zvakagadzirirwa kuti kugadzirisa nyaya chokuita dzose zveupfumi uye dzepamutemo ezvinhu. Mharidzo mashoko kwomushumo uno unoitwa muchimiro nemarongerwo vomureza mhando. Ad hoc zvebhizimisi tsamba zvine yemunyori pamutemo-musoro rondedzero, zvakanyorwa yechinangwa kugamuchirwa nokuzvibata.

Category chiratidzo mukuru matsamba anoparadzanisa zvebhizimisi uye vezvokutengeserana tsamba. Saka, pane tsamba, kufukidza zvemitemo, zvoupfumi, zvemari uye dzimwe mhando vachida. Vari kunzi bhizimusi tsamba. Kana mashoko ari tsamba mubvunzo rine yokutengesa kana logistics, zvino anonzi zvokutengeserana.

On nhandare yacho kugamuchira yezvebhizimisi matsamba rakakamurwa dzeraundi uye zvinonzwisisika. The mhando tsamba yechipiri yakasiyana pakuti kubva chete tsime rimwe chete rugwaro anotumirwa kuti vakawanda kuagamuchira.

Mari dziri varoorawo-rutivi uye multi-faceted mabhizimisi tsamba. The rokutanga siyana izvi zviviri kufunga mubvunzo mumwe chete kana dambudziko. Multidimensional chinyorwa inotaura munzvimbo dzakawanda (kukurukurirana, vaitaura, zvikumbiro).

Drafting basa tsamba

yepamutemo matsamba All zvinosanganisira wandei STRUCTURAL okunze. Pamusoro jira ndiye Header nzvimbo. Munzvimbo yayo rworuboshwe parutivi pakona zvebhizimisi tsikisa zita uye e-mail uye mamwe mashoko kambani. Pane chiri tabulated uwandu magwaro ushamwari uye musi kunyoresa.

Zvishoma pazasi pakona ichi punchi iri Header rugwaro tsamba, uye unoteverwa chinyorwa pachayo. Pakunyorera gwaro iri mitemo zvinotevera zvinofanira kuchengetwa:

• rugwaro dzinofanira kukanganiswa mubvunzo mumwe chete, kana akawanda interconnected;
• ari chikamu chinyorwa chokutanga unofanira kuisa kunze chikonzero kunyora kwake, uye yechipiri - vaitaura, mhedziso, sarudzo, etc..
• matsamba zvinofanira kuiswa A5 kana A4 machira;
• pamberi mafomu avo kunoratidza pazasi dzeShanduro.

Nechepasi ndiye siginicha nzvimbo. Pano iwe kutaridzwa nzvimbo munhu kusaina gwaro, uyewo rake zita uye initials.

Kana uchida kunyora marudzi mashoko muna Chirungu, German uye nemimwe mitauro, kana magadzirirwo dzavo vanofanira kufunga peculiarities dzinocherwa vakakwira pamutemo tsamba yacho naye nyika. Somuenzaniso, pane zvakaparadzana mitemo kunyora misi, kero uye dzimwe nyaya yakananga munyika dzakasiyana.

Mitemo kunyora na

Pari, vanyori vakawanda Angaswera uye Blogs vari kuedza kuramba vachikurukurirana pamwe nevaverengi dzavo, anogara achikanda pavo tsamba anobatsira mazano. Zvisinei, munyaya iyi, pane vamwe mitemo chokuita kuparadzira izvo munhu anongoti haadi kuona computer yako.

chechienzi kupatsanura

Kune 5 mhando tsamba musaenda vateereri vavo. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

1. "Tsamba-machira" Bhuku inogarwa zvinopfuura chimwe Monitor.
2. "Tsamba zadolbashki" akatuma pamwe kunetsa maitikiro.
3. "Zvivabatsire Letter" umo munyori rinopa zano kuti "kuzivana" pamwe chinhu chinobatsira. Kuti vawane mashoko akadaro, muverengi the clicks pamusoro kubatana vanoda uye anoona chidzidzo kana kurovedza. mafambirano rwakadaro bato rechitatu nzvimbo nokukurumidza kunoderedza uwandu yepakutanga vateereri.
4. "Tsamba partisans" kutumwa nemunyori siyana tsamba zvakafanana mutengi chawo.
5. "Letters chinokatyamadza." Izvi zvinosanganisira matsamba rine dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki kana kupinda e-mail kubva serura kana piritsi. Ndokusaka mukugadzirwa chero mashoko unofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti achaverengwa zvakafanana zvakanaka siyana namano.

Tsamba nedanho emunhu

Dzidziso kuchinjwa yakajeka zviratidzo papepa, vanhu vanotanga kudzidza, kuva kuchikoro zera. Maiva mumakore aya kunyora ive basa rinokosha hanya. Chido zvakajeka uye nokukurumidza kuratidza pfungwa yavo papepa zvinopupurira chokwadi kuti munhu kunonatsiridza kuverenga kwavo. Uyezve, vanachiremba vakawanda vanoti peculiarity kutaura, akatamisira pamusoro bepa iri chokwadi kuti hazvisi chete netsika minwe uye maoko. Tsamba inzira vanoshingaira zvishande basa, uye uptake waro zvakabatana chaizvo nedanho nokuzivikanwa inotungamirwa.

Tsamba chepuraimari chikoro

Tinyatsoziva zvinoshamisa munyika vanoratidza kutaura papepa vana vanotanga kubva kirasi yokutanga. Panguva iyoyowo, vadzidzi vari kutanga kuziva kuti pane mhando dzakasiyana tsamba. Pfupiso yebhuku chidzidzo mudzidzisi panyaya inofanira zvine zvinangwa yechirongwa. Ivo vavete kujairirana Genre tsamba vana kukura kutaura coherent, chiperengo Kusvinurira, reche-auditory uye kutarisana ndangariro, nemicheka injini unyanzvi uye mupfungwa bhora.

On chidzidzo ichi mudzidzisi anotsanangura kuti vadzidzi basa reDare tsamba upenyu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti utange kukurukura unyanzvi vechikoro. Vana makabudisa collectivism, akazviunganidzira pechiitiko mafungiro, magadzirirwo uye kunyora tsamba.

chechienzi sezvamunoita

At zvidzidzo mutauro wokuRussia uye mabhuku chesekondari kuchikoro, dzimwe nguva akabayira anonakidza basa. Mudzidzisi inopa vana kunyora sezvamunoita iri setsamba. Muchishandisa ichi epistolary Genre, unogona kudzivisa formulaic zvirevo uye zvakaoma framework. Panguva iyoyo mudzidzi anopiwa mukana kutiza kwavo fungidziro, apo vasara mugadziriro iri kupiwa nyaya.

Chokwadi, tsamba - kutanga yorusununguko mupfungwa. Zvisinei, asati kwegadziriro chidimbu asingadi kukuvadza kufunga zano rake. Izvi zvichaita pachena kuisa pasi papepa pfungwa dzavo uye kwete kurasika ari zvichemo wakadudzira. Tsamba iyi achava pachena kwete chete kune munhu uyo Mwari akaronga. inokosha pfungwa dzake, uye chero muverengi vachanzwisisa.

Dzidzo muzvikoro correctional

Nokuti vana vachitambura avo kana zvimwe zvirwere munyika yedu pane chinokosha masangano dzidzo siyana (1 kusvika 8). chinangwa chavo chikuru ndiko kugadzirira vadzidzi kuti vakura.

Chinonetsa ndechokuti kudzidzisa muzvikoro 8-fung mhuka. Pano tora pfungwa chakakanganisika vana. In padariro wokutanga mudzidzisi wavo kurovedza vanofanira kuumba kwokutanga kuverenga uye graphical kumiririrwa ruzha unyanzvi. Tsamba (class 1, 8 chikoro) Vadzidzi zvakadai anoshumira hwaro paumbwe kwetunhu uye ruzha-tsamba kuongorora. First-graders kushanda nemashoko uye mabhii, pfupi magwaro, uyewo nyore marudzi vaitaura.

Chinangwa chikuru zvikoro izvi ndiko kudzidzisa vana kuverenga uye kunyora, uyewo dzidziso munzanga ezvinhu.