Vangani shongwe of Moscow Kremlin: zvawanyora tsananguro uye nhoroondo

Chivako mukuru muMoscow, Kremlin yava kuzivikanwa guru reRussia. Nzira kunoonekwa yedu nguva vagari uye vashanyi - ndiro basa remhizha uye ezvivako pamusoro 5 emakore. Sezvo zvakatanga yemberi, guru Russian apo Yury Dolgoruky pakarepo kugarwa pamusoro Moscow River akarayira kuvaka nhare. It anonyatsorayiridzwa vakachengetedzwa, uye Muscovites ano vanoziva zvakanaka sei shongwe yacho Kremlin, uye vashanyi kubva kumativi akawanda munyika kuuya kuyemura UKURU kwayo.

History uye rondedzero Moscow Kremlin

Kwemazana emakore kuvaka Moscow tsars Russian akakoka yakanakisisa Italian ezvivako richikura uye kusimbisa nhare dzayo, iyo delineates pamuganhu zvishoma nezvishoma. In siyana nguva 20 "vezh" zvakanzi ichavakwamo - ndiko kuti shongwe Kremlin zhinji.

Mumwe nomumwe wavo nhoroondo yacho kwete chete, asiwo zita asi maviri, ndivo vanhu ndokudana - Asina. The Kremlin akatanga kuvaka vakapoteredza kugarwa Vyatichi iri pakati XII remakore. Saka, muna 1156, ari 850 metres ari kuzvidzivirira hurongwa yokutanga dzakavakwa. Kwerinenge remakore nhare yakavakwa, asi yakaparadzwa zvachose nokuda eMongolia muna 1238

Pashure kudzorerwa kwaro muna 1264 pamwe Moscow machinda dzavo dzokugara, uye muna 1339 akava shongwe wake wokutanga, asi achiri zvakaitwa namatanda. Chete paitonga Dmitry Donskoy muna 1366 masvingo yematanda uye shongwe vakanga yakatsiviwa ibwe jena, iyo racherwa kwete kure Moscow. Kubva ichi rakasvika zita reguta - "ibwe jena".

How shongwe dzakawanda Kremlin yakanga panguva asingazivikanwi sezvo vari ipapo kuparadzwa, ipapo vakavakazve. Izvi zvakatanga kugadzirisa ayo pasi Ivan III. Izvi akwanise ndechokuti ibwe vemo chena kwenguva duku uye akatanga chiwondomoke, asi munhu ano Kutarira kuti nhare akatanga kuwana muna 1485. Mumazuva iwayo, sei shongwe vakawanda Moscow Kremlin kwave, vose nechokuita masvingo uye kuzodzosera amisa nezvidhina.

The yokupedzisira chimiro wakakombwa kuwanwa muna 1516, apo ayo womukati Murongerwo ari dzichichinja. Tower of Moscow Kremlin (pasi apa), uye masvingo vari mugari Triangle. chimiro ichi anowanikwa yaitonga Ivan III. Ndiye chinorondedzerwa miganhu wakakombwa. A mazita Kremlin shongwe:

1. Spassky.
2. Vodovzvodnaya.
3. Borovitskaya.
4. Yezvombo.
5. Commandant.
6. Nikolskaya.
7. Trinity.
8. Kutafya.
9. Chamber.
10. Seneti.
11. Middle Arsenal.
12. Corner Arsenal.
13. Beklemishevskaya.
14. Nabatnaya.
15. Constantine uye Helen.
16. First Vasina.
17. Vasina Second.
18. Peter.
19. Taynitskaya.
20. Annunciation.

Kremlin shongwe (tsananguro nechimwe oga pazasi), uyewo masvingo, zvakakwana vakachengetedzwa, kusafanana pezviri zvivako. The guru kwaitwa kuchechi rekare muna Stalin yaitonga.

Taynitskaya shongwe uye suwo shongwe Borovitskie

shongwe vangani anoita Moscow Kremlin, sezvo akanga nyaya. Somuenzaniso, Taynitskaya akanzi saka nekuda kuna Moscow River akatungamirira backdoor kana nhare kana kurwisa zvakaitika kwenguva rakakombwa.

kukwirira kwayo - 38,4 m, kamwe paiva suo yakazoshandiswa bricked kumusoro. Zvakange wokutanga yakavakwa nezvidhinha shanduro muna 1485 vachitungamirirwa mapurani Anton Fryazino.

Vangani shongwe yacho Kremlin, asi chete 3 vavo kumativi, uye vamwe vane mativi chimiro. Kuti Borovitskaya munhu murefu mativi building, korona munhu akapindira pakakwirira. Riri pamusoro soro pegomo muMoscow, saka kana iri "kukura" 54,05 M zvakajeka zvinoonekwa kure.

Interesting chokwadi: yakavakwa muna 1490 na tenzi Italian Pietro Solari, ndicho chirevo cheWekumusoro wamambo kubva 1658 rainzi Baptist shongwe, akadana pedyo Church Ioanna Predtechi uye icon zvakafanana zita, akatasva pamusoro pesuwo kwayo.

Moskvoretskaya, Annunciation uye Vodovzvodnaya shongwe

Beklemishevskaya, kana sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi: Moskvoretskaya shongwe korona rwezasi-kumabvazuva Kremlin. Izvi kumativi mamiriro pamwe yakatetepa pokunzvenga napo dzakavakwa nevanhu Italian mapurani Marco Ruffo muna 1488.

zita raro, shongwe iyi kwaiva kuchikonzerwa pedyo kwemba Boyar Beklemisheva. Apo Vasily III nzvimbo ino semupi mujeri yadonha kubva nyasha namambo boyars. Panguva iyoyo, yaiva zvikuru inokosha kukosha, sezvo riri mharadzano of Moscow River uye kuzvidzivirira nomugero, saka pakutanga pasi moto.

Yokupedzisira humburumbira Tile mashikuli yakakwirira 46,2 M (inoshandisa dzidziso kutwasuka slits kuti kupfura muvengi) takapoteredzwa yetsiva nzvimbo. Nenzira iyi iye akasimuka kuti 1680, apo akanga yakashongedzwa sere akanongedza ane rakamanikana tende. Saka anotarisa nhasi. zita raro idzva nayo chikwereti riri pedyo Moscow River zambuko.

Annunciation shongwe inonzi pashure kunoshamisa kuvake, iyo kunochengetwa mariri. Gare gare akavaka chechi nokuda icon, asi zita aramba.

Vodovzvodnaya Tower iri pakona uye atumidzwa nokuti kamwe paiva muchina kupomba mvura kubva murwizi uye kuiparidzira kuburikidza mutobvu senyere mumuzinda wamambo of Kremlin.

Muzana remakore rechi17, motokari yakanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye vakatamira St. Petersburg nokuda matsime mudziyo. The shongwe iri 61,45 m.

Yezvombo uye Commandant shongwe

Kamwe Armory shongwe akamira pamahombekombe Neglinka, asi zvino rwizi "akasungwa" kupinda mutopota pachivande. zita rake vanosungirwa mamiriro akavaka pedyo yeZvombo, kwavakagamuchirwa kamwe riri zvombo uye kwezvishongo okudhindira. Zvino ndiwo miziyamu, iro rinotaura yakasiyana zvechiuto uye zvishongo zvaishandiswa kare. 32,65 M kukwirira meimba.

Commandant shongwe yakavakwa muna 1495, asi akagamuchira zita aripo chete muzana remakore rechi19, apo commandant wakakombwa vakatamira pedyo Fun Palace.

Utatu, Kutafya uye Peter shongwe

Sei shongwe of Kremlin vazhinji, vanenge vose dzakavakwa patsva kubudikidza Italian nemhizha muzana remakore rechi15. Kuti Trinity akavaka Aloísio Da Karezano mumakore 1495-1499. Ndicho chirefu kupfuura kuvaka Kremlin. kukwirira kwayo kuri 80 M uye ane spire yokupedzisira kwaari nyeredzi. zita rake akagashira pakuvaka pedyo Trinity Church.

Interesting chokwadi: Panguva imwe nguva ino kuvaka yakanga yakasiyana zita Somuenzaniso Rizopolozhensky, murairidzi kana Znamenskaya apo muna 1658 haana kugamuchira zita rayo iyezvino. Kamwe mu-nhurikidzwa mbiri hwaro yake yaiva mujeri. Kusvikira 1935, ayo spire korona gondo hwoumambo, iyo kwakatsiva nesadhio nyeredzi kusvika gore chimurenga.

Kutafya Tower anomira pakutanga ari Troitsky Bridge uye haana kufanana nemamwe dzimba Kremlin. Ndicho yepasisa (18 m), squat uye rakapamhamha, saka hunonzi. Kutafia muRussia vanonyombwa vakadzi paukobvu hulking.

Sezvo dukusa, kubva inokosha nemaonero, raiva kumaodzanyemba pamadziro Kremlin, yakavakwa ipapo chimwezve shongwe. It vagara vasina kudomwa, asi ipapo vakaramba zita Petro pedyo Chechi Metropolitan Peter.

Middle uye Corner Arsenal Tower

Middle Arsenal Tower (1493-1495 gg.) Yawana zita rayo kubva yakavakwa parutivi yake yezvombo. Unoenda Alexander Garden.

Name Corner Arsenal Tower anotaura woga. Iye vakagumisa chimiro uye akakurumbira nokuda kwayo tsime, ndiro makore anopfuura 500. Riri mujinga chivako uye ichiri vakazadzwa chaiyoiyo mvura kubva murwizi pevhu.

Nicholas, Seneti uye Spasskaya shongwe

vangani shongwe Kremlin, uye vanoda kuva vose zvavo vane mazita chokuita pedyo nemachechi. Saka Nicholas pakati pavo. Izvi chivakwa kufamba akanga nepokuongorora drawbridge pamusoro parusvingo uye zvipfigiso, munguva ngozi yakanga chichiburutswa, zvokuti vavengi regai papfuura. Zviri kuburikidza naye Minin uye Pozharsky yaaigara nehondo yake uye akasunungura guta kubva Polish-Lithuanian kupindira.

Seneti shongwe (1491) riri seri mausoleum V. I. Lenina uye zita rokukudza weSeneti chivakwa, raiva shure ari Kremlin rusvingo.

Spassky shongwe yakavakwa pamusoro nzvimbo yaimbova masuwo chikuru pamusoro Kremlin. Kuyambuka icon of Muponesi rave yakaiswa, uye suo yacho ainamata rudzi rutsvene, kupinda akatevera netsoka kufukidza musoro wake. Munguva yedu yakatanga akakurumbira Astronomical Clock.

Vamwe Kremlin shongwe

Asina shongwe First uye Yechipiri akanga chete inokosha kukosha, somuenzaniso mune mumwe wavo aiva upfu keg.

Nabatnaya shongwe chaizvo vakapakata bhero uye kuona chikuva hwaakange vapfuri vaiva pabasa. Muzana remakore rechi18 kubudikidza kurira pakati zvitare vakatanga nyonganyonga muguta, uye paakanga akaiswa pasi, ipapo nokusunungura "muparanzvongo" mutauro. Uye akarembedza chinyararire bhero, kusvikira akatumirwa kune miziyamu.

Royal inhare zvakaoma, sezvo inongova wedzera-tende, apo Ivan Grozny aifarira kuuya kutarira guta.

Constantine naHelen Tower anonziwo vachikudza muchechi. Yakavakwa muna 1490 uye ndiko yakakurumbira nokuti kuburikidza varwi vake Russian kundorwa, akadai Dmitry Donskoy nehondo.

Ndizvo shongwe dzakawanda vashongedze Moscow Kremlin nhasi.