Vanoparadza mwana basa: mitemo, unhu uye zvaanoda

Munguva ichangopfuura, kwakapararira mwana basa. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvinozivikanwa munyika ano. Child basa harisi chete kushandiswa mudzimba uye zvikoro, asi makambani makuru. With kutyora iyi yomurayiro chokuita guru uwandu nharo ezvinhu. Munyaya ino, unogona kuwana mashoko hwakadzama pamusoro bhiri.

General ruzivo pamusoro bhiri

Gore negore yakawanda uye kakawanda vanoparadza mwana basa. Article 32-36 pakati Chibvumirano pamusoro Rights Revana hwakagara neHurumende basa kudzivirira kodzero yevana pamusoro zvisiri pamutemo rokumanikidzirwa. Gwaro, iyo ine zvikamu zvitatu, rakazoshandiswa September 2, 1990. Chibvumirano pakupedzisira kuumbwa makore mashoma apfuura.

Article 32 anosunungura vana chero basa kuti kukanganisa utano kana kuva chipingamupinyi dzidzo. Sezvazvakanyorwamo akaisa shoma zera basa kushanda.

The Convention chitsva Rights Revana rakagamuchirwa muzhizha ra1999. It akabudisa nyaya akaipisisa siyana mwana basa. Kunoratidzwa kuchaitwa youranda, vanomanikidzwa mwana kuita kurwisana nezvombo, chipfambi uye kutengesa zvinodhaka. Countries kuti vakanyorerana pasi Convention on Rights Revana, vanofanira kudzivirira yevana kubva udzvanyiriri.

Munyika kune zvisiri pamutemo vanoparadza mwana basa. Article 127,1 weCriminal Code anogovera chirango kutapa uye vakamumanikidza kuti kushanda. Zvisinei, imwe yoga bhiri, izvo waimboti pamusoro vanoparadza mwana basa, Criminal Code haaiti. Zvisinei, munguva yemberi iri pedyo hurumende iri kuronga kurishandura nayo.

mabhiri zhinji vakasikwa kuti kugadzirisa matambudziko chokuita kuti vanoparadza mwana basa. Article of Russian Federation Labor Code rine mashoko kuti mwana muduku anogona nokuzvidira kushandisa basa, kana ichi hachisi chipingamupinyi dzidzo. Muchiitiko ichi vanodawo mvumo Anonyorwa kubva kuvabereki vavo. Juvenile vanofanira kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. Iyewo ane kodzero wakaderedzwa kushanda maawa, anoputsa uye mazororo. Zvisinei, hazvibviri kuwana basa pamberi makore 15. Izvi hakubvumidzwi ne Labor Code.

Child vabatire chikoro

Kudzvinyirirwa mwana basa kuchikoro kazhinji kunooneka. Anenge zvikoro zvose dzidzo vari kushingaira kurishandisa somunhu basa kirasi, zhizha tsika, uye zvichingodaro. D. Ita pamutemo mwana basa kuchikoro?

Munguva Soviet, mwana basa rakanga kufarira zvikoro. Aiva mumwe nzira dzokutsigira nyika dzidzo. Munguva yedu, maonero mwana basa achinja. Created dzakawanda rakawanda mabhiri kuti kubatsira kudzivirira uduku mwana ose.

Chinonyanya kukosha zvimiso kukwezva mwana kushanda muzvikoro kubvumira vabereki vake. Zvinofanira kunge zviri kunyora. Kana vasipo, mwana haana kodzero waanomanikidza kushanda pachikoro. Kana kupamba mwana vanobata sangano yedzidzo kunoitika nguva dzose pasina mvumo, vabereki vanogona kunyora kunyunyuta kuti muchuchisi kana dzidzo weruwa dhipatimendi.

Pakadaro, kana vabereki mvumo kushanda ikoko, mudzidzisi anofanira kuva nechokwadi kuti rinoitwa achiita zvaidiwa zvose kazhinji vakagamuchira dzemunharaunda. Vechikoro inorambidza kusimudza zvinhu, kugeza mahwindo uye kuita rokuchenesa vakakomba mugwagwa.

Implementation mitemo

Murairo mwana basa ikoko refu zvakakwana. Pane zviitiko apo vakuru chikoro vachinzi vane nokuda chii vadzidzi vasunungurwa zvidzidzo zuva nokuda chaishanda. Somuenzaniso, hofisi muchuchisi wacho Arkhangelsk Region akaongorora uye vakabvuma mashoko kubva amai rimwe mudzidzi edzidzo masangano Novodvinsk. mwanakomana wake akamanikidzirwa murinde panguva zvidzidzo. hofisi muchuchisi kwakaita kuonekwa zviito wechikoro kutyora Mutemo "On dzidzo". By ayo Zviito, musoro tsika kuwana mudzidzi ane mutumbi wakakwana ruzivo. Kubvira ipapo, basa iri chikoro akanga rarambidzwa.

nhamba

Statistics ari mwana basa kunotungamirira kuvhundutsa anenge munhu wose. Maererano nokutsvakurudza kubudikidza International Labor Organization pane vanenge mamiriyoni 168 kushanda nevana. Izvi vanenge 11% of zvachose mwana vemo. Zvisinei, tinoziva kuti nhamba yavo ipfupi. Mumakore 2000-2012 nhamba mwana vashandi ikaurawa mamiriyoni 78.

Muna 2008, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti nokuti zvoupfumi mwana basa udzvanyiriri kuchatanga kuwana tichimhanya mutsva simba. Zvisinei, maererano tsvakurudzo neInternational Labor Organization, uwandu kushanda nevana iyi haisi ichiwedzerwa. Nyanzvi vanoti ichi chokuti munyika umo dambudziko udzvanyiriri inonyanya chakasimba, dambudziko iri rinenge asina kukanganiswa.

Nhamba huru kushanda vana kuchengetwa Asia uye nharaunda yePacific. Ikoko, maererano nenhamba, mamiriyoni 77,7 kushanda nevana. Child basa iri varipowo mu Africa. Ikoko zvisiri pamutemo kushanda mwana ose wechishanu.

Kudzvinyirirwa vana muRussia

Child basa iri kazhinji kuwanikwa musi mundima Russian Federation. kushanda mwana anogona kuonekwa mumigwagwa maguta ose Russian rinenge. Vanowanzonetseka ugovane zvokushambadzira kana pasting ma ads. Kuyaruka vanoti vanoda kuva mari kuzvimirira kubva kuvabereki vavo. Ndokusaka vari kutanga kushanda kwemakore 12-13, uchisangana pamutemo udzvanyiriri.

gore ose Russian Federation mitemo kuti kuchengetedza zvido yevana. Maererano navo, chero kuyaruka, ane zera yasvika nemakore 16 kunoshanda vakadzikama ezvinhu. Zvikasadaro, kuti mushandirwi vacharangwa maererano nomutemo.

In Russia uye nyika dzakavakidzana, vabereki kakawanda kukurudzira vana vavo basa. Vanodavira kuti nenzira iyi mwana anova kuzviraramira uye kutanga kunzwisisa zvakaoma sei kuti dziwane mari. Vamiririri International Labor Organization anotenda kuti Russian mafungiro anofanira kushandurwa. Program weDare Rima Kalinchenko anoti pamusoro nyaya iyi, unofanira kutaura. Achitenda kuti chete pakadai kukwanisa kushandura pfungwa vagari pamusoro mwana basa.

Makambani makuru uye mwana basa

gore rino, mumwe kodzero dzevanhu nemasangano enyika yakabudisa mushumo. It vakapomera mapoka matatu kutungamirira kuti unyanzvi kukura zvigadzirwa zvokushandisa, zvinoti Samsung, Apple, Sony. Ivo dzinofungidzirwa kutenga zvicherwa kuti zvikaramba kushandisa mwana basa. Maererano nomushumo, mumigodhi iri Democratic Republic of Congo kushanda vana makore manomwe. Ivo wabvisa zvicherwa kuti zvinokosha pakasikwa lithium-Ion mabhatiri.

Misoro makambani kuti kutenga zvicherwa, vanoti havabvumi kushandisa mwana basa. Zvisinei, vakaona vanoti zvakasiyana. Nyanzvi nemasangano ekodzero dzevanhu nharo kuti basa rakadaro ngozi utano. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mumigodhi izvi kupa refu mwero wokufa kwevanhu. Maererano zvapupu, rapfuura gore chete rakauraya vanopfuura 80 nevana.

Maererano UN Vana Fund, mumigodhi iri DRC zvicherwa dzokubudisa zvinotora kanenge 40 000 vana. nyika dzinokoshesa kambani kuramba chokwadi ichi. Vanoti havaiti kutenga zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nenzira iyi.

Kodzero mumwe mushandi muduku

Haasi ose muduku anoda kushandisa basa, anoziva kodzero dzavo. Ndokusaka kuyaruka kazhinji kuva mari nyore kuti anonyengera vashandirwi. Zvakakosha kuti mudzidzi anoziva pachine nguva.

mitemo Russian anopa zera mudzidzi anogona kuwana basa. Mumakore 15, pamwe mvumo nevabereki, wechiduku angawana basa. Zvisinei, basa racho hazvifaniri chipingamupinyi kubudisa zvinhu dzidzo yakakwana. Kushanda mudzidzi anofanira kupinda zvidzidzo zvose uye kuita basa rechikoro. Employment kukosheswa nherera kuyaruka kubva mhuri havashande uye vanotambudzika kana makuru mhuri.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mushandirwi haagoni kuramba Mumwe mushandi muduku pasina mvumo basa Inspectorate. Pasi bhiri, wechiduku asina zera makore 16 ngaarege kushanda maawa anopfuura 24 pavhiki. Vana makore 16-18 pazera kungasashanda maawa anopfuura 36 pavhiki.

Zvepabonde uye uranda

Maererano nenyanzvi, nyika pagore pamusoro pavana miriyoni imwe muwisira pamutemo pabonde kutengeserana. Vamwe vanomanikidzwa ichi, uye vamwe vari kukwezverwa ipapo pasi pretenses venhema. Gore negore pane kuwedzera kudiwa nevana nokuti pane zvisizvo kuti ukama hwepedyo zvakadaro kashoma kuti pave neHIV. oparesheni ichi chinoita kusingarapiki kwazvinoita pautano hwemwana. Vana kazhinji atengeswa dzepabonde muranda achinyepera varanda.

Article 34 of Convention anodana States kudzivirira vana kubva zvepabonde uye varanda. 35 Article kutaura kuti hurumende inofanira kutora matanho akakodzera kuti kudzivisa kubiwa yevana.

World Day Against Child Labor

Munyika mune hondo kuzorwa vanoparadza mwana basa. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, uwandu kushanda nevana yadzikira. June 12 - World Day Against Child Labor. Rakazoshandiswa muna 2002 neInternational Labor Organization kuti akwezve ruzhinji ngwariro dambudziko, chiri chipo munyika dzose.

Paaipedzisa kutaura

Child basa - dambudziko kunoitika munyika yose. Zviri Inonyanya muAfrica uye Asia. Pane dambudziko uye Russian Federation. Munguva pfupi hurumende anoronga vazviise Criminal Code kuchinja, maererano iyo vatadzi avo yokubiridzira vana, vachazvidavirira. To musi, pane mabhiri dzakawanda kuti vane basa ndichengetedze vaduku.