Vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata - chii ichi. Ndianiko jendurumani uyu? A nhoroondo pfupi pamusoro vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata

Fans chenhau Romanov Genrika Senkevicha rave wakavachingamidza chinhu chakadai "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata". Zvisinei, The zvinorehwa ichi, haana pachena kubva akapoteredza nguva dzose. Ngatizive kuti ichi chinhu pazita, uyewo kutarisa nhoroondo Chiitiko, nezita iri.

Ko shoko "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata"

Izwi iri rinoshandiswa wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth yainzi anokudzwa kirasi.

Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye munhu pazita anogona kunzi rakafanana nerokuti rokuti "ziva", "kwamachinda". Panyaya iyi, iyo vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata - chinokosha chakajairika, kwese kuti tsika Polish. Uyezve, chakavapo munyika pedyo (Czech Republic, Slovakia) uye avo vane nyika iri kare vaiva chikamu wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine).

Mabviro

The Russian Shoko "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata" yakaumbwa kubva pazita Polish szlachta. It, akavapindurawo, kungangova kuti dzisingadi kubva German Schlacht izwi (hondo, hondo).

shanduro Zvinowanzoitikawo kuti "muvambi" "kwamachinda" vakanga vakwegura shoko German Slacht, zvichireva 'vanokosha, akaita. "

Ndoupi dzidziso idzi Ndizvozvo - harizivikanwi. Kunyanya kuti uchapupu Mabviro ezwi shoko mubvunzo wokutanga akaonekwa chete XV remakore. Panyaya iyi, pfungwa kwamuka nokuda dzinenge 4 emakore akanga adarika.

Ndiani jendurumani

Kana vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata - ndiro zita nevakawanda pamusoro vakakwirira, mumiririri romunhu wacho yainzi "wamambo" kana "shlyahtyanka" (kana yaiva mukadzi huru).

Pakutanga (munguva chokuvapo kwoumambo kwePoland) kuwana kwamachinda vanhuwo akatadza kumboda kuti Military munorumbidzirweiko (zviya, saka pakabva shoko rokuti). Saka, muna emakore okutanga vokuPoland avakuru vakanga zvakafanana basa ravo kune European Knights.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura kuva aikudzwa kuva kwakaoma zvikuru, pasinei angarumbidzwa mabasa muhondo. Muchiitiko chino, nokuti zvinenge nhoroondo yose vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kuti vamiririri vayo ndivo kwokudzivirira nyika.

Maererano Polish dzekare, muna XVI-XVIII emakore. paiva vanopfuura gumi nevaviri mhando dzose vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Ivo vanokamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana: pamusoro kare, upfumi, kuvapo kana kusavapo chiratidzo, kana nyika vanhuwo zvavo nokuda mavambo, nzvimbo dzokugara, etc ...

Pasinei dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana kwamachinda - izvozvo nguva dzose vepamusoro munzanga. Saka, kunyange varombo landless vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata aiva mamwe kodzero pane vakawanda akapfuma commoner.

Sezvo vazhinji kwamachinda of Commonwealth vaiva varombo, chikuru fuma ose aristocrat yakanga rukudzo ake Ini godnośc (kukudzwa uye chiremera). Kudzivirira pavo, kunyange murombo jendurumani yokupikisa akapfuma wamambo.

Pane zvisizvo kuti makurukota ose vakanga hazvo Catholic. Uyu munhu wengano asi mubvunzo chitendero kwaikosha kwazvo Commonwealth, pakati ayo kwamachinda vaimiririra akasiyana Christian masangano.

Nyaya kwamachinda

Zvatakurukura chii shoko "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata", iwe unofanira kuteerera nhoroondo chiitiko ichi.

Wokutanga Knights avakuru akaonekwa XI remakore. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, yomuchinda zita vakagamuchira rechiuto. Sezvineiwo, mumazuva iwayo, munhu aigona kuzadzisa rechiuto kugamuchira knighthood. Uye mutemo uyu unoshanda kunyange varanda.

Pamusana mutemo uyu ari XI remakore. akawandisa wavakakudzwa, uye havana nenguvo kwezvombo uye nyika kuva pachena kutarisirwa.

Sezvo muna XII. vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata - a yagara wemunda. Kubva iyi vakuru Polish zvishoma nezvishoma vanotanga kutsikirira pasi kurapa mabhora ose oupenyu paruzhinji. Saka kuwana nyika, vaiva vashoma emakore, zvachose varanda vanhuwo zvavo, nokunyima kumaruwa okuzvibatsira utariri, uye kutanga serfdom.

Mamiriro nevanhu vanogara muguta haana nani. Sezvo burgers vaiva vanhu rugare, kwete muzvirongwa chenguva muchiuto kurwisana, namakurukota kunyimwa kodzero dzavo kunyika. Uyewo vanokudzwa nguva kuzviuru mitero iri mumadhorobha vagari uye aregeredza raimuvhiringidza yavo zvinoitika zvose. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, mamiriro bhizimisi asiri yakatanga.

Golden rusununguko

Wakabata pamwe zvinoreva "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata" uye "wamambo", mutengo kudzidza kwakadaro pfungwa se "vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kusununguka" kana Złota Wolność (Golden Liberty) pamusoro.

Musimboti zvematongerwo enyika (iyo yakaumbwa muushe muPoland uye ipapo kupararira kune Rzeczpospolita) ndechokuti anenge ose wamambo vaiitawo hurumende.

Kunyange pamutemo munyika yakanga inotungamirirwa namambo, ndiye chete muEurope, akasarudzwa. Uye anosarudza Diet (paramende zvinosanganisira akapfuma vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, chakafanana ano US Seneti marongerwo), uye nzvimbo yamambo aigona vanoti anenge ose avakuru vakapfuma, zvisinei worudzii kare.

Mambo Poland, akasarudzwa kuti upenyu, asi kwamachinda aiva nekodzero yepamutemo kurera kumukira pamusoro pake (rokosz) uye kufambisa vasingadiwi kubva ake pambiru. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe nhengo Diet akanga kodzero kurambidza, saka vazhinji mitemo iri Commonwealth haana kutora mambo uye kwamachinda.

Pasinei kwayo mberi hunhu, Golden Liberty vaivawo kunaka divi. Somuenzaniso, ari kugara kukakavara uye kurwisana pakati vakapfuma vakuru kuti simba. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, panguva pakuguma XVIII remakore. nyika yave simba zvokuti yakakundwa vatatu pedyo inoti: yokuRussia Empire, Prussia neAustria.

The Kuderera uye kunyangarika kwamachinda seboka

Mushure Rzeczpospolita vakaguma kuvapo ari XVIII remakore., A chikamu chikuru munyika yayo yaitongwa neDare Russian Empire. Vakuru vatsva akawana zvichidiwa equalize pamwe Russian vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kwamachinda. Asi wakatendeuka kubva kuti vokuPoland kwamachinda yaiva yakawanda (anenge 7% of zvachose vanhu Poland, nepo Russia - 1%).

Kuderedza uwandu kwayo, rose XIX remakore. muna Empire akatanga mitemo siyana zvinhu yaida nokusimbisa vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata worudzii gwaro rekare. Zvisinei, kuunganidza zvose mashoko anodiwa vasingagoni nechavakuru zvose. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vanenge hafu yavo zvaiendeswa muchikwata che vanhuwo.

Izvi Mutemo uzvidzwe chabatsira vakawanda nokumukirana, izvo chete exacerbates mamiriro ezvinhu ekare kwamachinda.

Pashure zvakaitika 1917 munharaunda yaimbova Russian Empire uye Commonwealth vaiva kuedza kudzorera kwamachinda seboka uye kuti kumugariro kodzero yake uye norusununguko. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vawane ichi, uye muna 1921 pakupedzisira vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata ropafadzo muPoland, Ukraine uye Western Belarus vakanga kupera, uyewo boka pacharo.