-Saxon history, girama uye muduramazwi pfupi.

Chirungu Modern iri yakasiyana yaro yepakutanga chimiro - Old Chirungu, kana mutauro-Saxon. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ichi - the Zvivako zvekare mabhuku. Ivo kashoma kunzwisisa munhu kure nokudzidza mabhuku ekare. The mufananidzo pazasi inoratidza kuchinja muPisarema 23 kwemakore 1,000.

Chii chakaita kuti kuchinja kwakadaro yakajeka mumutauro? The ano shanduro rakasiyana yepakutanga?

Iro akakamurwa nguva Chirungu?

History of mutauro Old Chirungu kwakatanga V remakore, yokutanga nemisha German munharaunda Britain ano. Nokufamba kwenguva, achifuridzirwa mamiriro ezvinhu mutauro socio-enyika akavhiyiwa kuchinja-siyana uye yakakamurwa dzikava:

• Old Chirungu nguva Chirungu yakagoverwa kubva V kusvika VII remakore, kwakaratidzwa kusvika weGermany madzinza uye veMubatanidzwa kunyora;
• Middle Chirungu nguva Chirungu - kubva V kuti XV remakore Panguva iyoyo Britain aizokundwa Normans, uye muna 1475 unotanga nguva zvokudhinda;
• Modern Chirungu - XV remakore - kusvikira nhasi.

Old Chirungu kunoratidzwa kuvapo tumitauro kuti yakabuda pashure pokukundwa Britain nokuda pamakona, Saxons uye Jutes. Paiva 4 tumitauro: Northumbria, Mercian, Wessex uye Kent. maviri Wokutanga akati England, asi nokuti kuti nharaunda dzavo dzokugara zvaiva kure nomumwe, vanoverengeka nevamwe zvinhu kwakaonekwa nomumwe wavo. At Wessex anoti Sachs, uye Kent - koralliriutta.

Chii duramazwi mutauro?

Masayendisiti vanoti Dictionary of Old Chirungu raiva 30.000 kusvika 100,000 mashoko. Vari mapoka mapoka 3:

• dzakananga Old Chirungu Shoko akawana chete mumutauro;
• Indo-European - mukuru mashoko kuti mazita zvinomera, mhuka uye dzomuviri, chiito verbs uye zvakasiyana-siyana sezviverengo;
• German - mashoko anowanikwa chete muboka iri uye anoparadzirwa chete mumitauro veboka.

In Old Chirungu vanenge 600 zvikwereti kubva Celtic uye Latin mitauro, yakabuda pasi pokudzora izvi munhau.

• I remakore BC. e. Roman Empire pasi Mambo Kraudhiyo yakarwisa Britain uye akariita yaitongwa yavo. Rakakamurwa mumisasa vemauto munharaunda akazova British maguta: Lancaster, Manchester, Lincoln. Kupera "caster" uye "Chester" rinoreva "musasa" nechiRoma, uye kupedza "Coln" - "ugari".
• V kutsumwaira. Britain nechisimba madzinza eGermany ari Saxons, pamakona uye Jutes, imwe dudzirachiito iyo chakatsiva mutauro Celtic. The weGermany madzinza vakauya-Saxon wako kwete chete mashoko asiwo akakweretwa kubva muchiLatin: nesirika, chizi, waini, pondo , ruomba uye nevamwe.
• 597 gore. ChiKristu kwakaita kuti kudiwa nokukwereta mashoko Dzidziso dzechitendero: bhishopu, mwenje, ngirozi, dhiabhorosi, chidhori, rumbo, mumongi uye nevamwe. Just kubva mazita echiLatin miti akatorwa, zvirwere, mushonga, mhuka, zvipfeko, zvemumba, nezvirongo uye zvigadzirwa: vanoondoroka, chirimwa, seruva, fivha, kenza, nzou, ngamera, chivharo, raddish uye nevamwe. Kuwedzera kutungamirira nokukwereta zvinowanzoshandiswa Kuongororwa - chaizvoizvo kushandurwa shoko. Somuenzaniso, Monday - pfupi nokuti Monadie - shanduro chaiyoiyo Lunae Anofa ( "Day Moon").
• 878 gore. The Anglo-Saxons uye vokuDenmark akasaina runyararo chibvumirano, umo yokupedzisira vanogamuchira mugove wenyika UK. Izvi zvine simba pamusoro mutauro umo maiva mashoko akadai ekisero, hasha uye mubatanidzwa tsamba uye sc- sk-. Mienzaniso: ganda, dehenya, denga.
• 790 gore. Viking vachirwisa zvakatungamirira nokukwereta mashoko vakakanda, unodana, tora, kufa. rwara, mhou, ivo, avo. zvose. Nguva iyi rinopawo inflections uye rufu.

Girama Old Chirungu

Old Chirungu aiva kunzwisisa girama sezvo zvichienzaniswa Chirungu ano.

• kushandiswa paainyora Runic, Gothic uye yemaarufabheti echiCyrillic neechiLatin.
• chisazitasingwi, pazita uye chipauro zvakasiyana ne chechikadzi.
• kunze rimwechete uye muzvizhinji akanga hunyambiri muzvizhinji: IC (I) / isu (we) / zvaiti (mbiri isu).
• 5 nyaya: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, uye ablative.

1. glaed - vachifara;
2. glades - vanofara;
3. gladum - vanofara;
4. glaedne - vanofara;
5. glade - vanofara.

• emazita, adjectives uye zvisazitasingwi kurerekera zvichienderana mugumo.

The nomuromo Hurongwa yakasiyana?

Verbs muna Old Chirungu, ndiko kunzwisisa zvivakamutauro hurongwa.

1. Verbs vari rakakamurwa simba, simba, uye vamwe. Strong akanga 7 conjugations, simba - 3, uye mumwe - 2.
2. Pakanga pasina remangwana, akanga chete choupfu uye kare.
3. Rechiito anobva nokuti munhu uye nhamba.

Chii chakasiyana ano Chirungu Old Chirungu?

Old Chirungu nokuda munhau ava kuchinja akawanda asati yakatengwa ano chimiro. Ndoupi musiyano pakati ano chimiro mutauro yepakutanga?

• 5 nyaya vakasiya 2 chete - vakawanda uye possessive.

• In kuitika hurongwa hapana rechiito conjugations, panzvimbo vakanga kwemashifiti verbs.

• Paiva ramangwana kuti yakasiyana kare uye chipo kushaya ayo kutaura chimiro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzira iyi rechiito haachinji, uye rechiito-mubatsiri anoshumira shoko vachadaro.

• Paiva gerund - rekuremekedza siyana rechiito pamwe ehupfumi ane pazita uye rechiito.

Mashoko api aisanganisira ari Dictionary of Old Chirungu?

nyika UK panguva dzakasiyana nhengo kuvaRoma, Scandinavians uye marudzi eGermany. Mashoko api aisanganisira muduramanzwi?

• Mona - mwedzi - mwedzi;
• brodor - mukoma - munin'ina;
• modor - mai - mai;
• sūnų - mwanakomana - mwanakomana;
• beon - kuva - kuva;
• Don - itai - Itai;
• IC - I - I;
• oga - mbiri - mbiri;
• dzinovaraidza - kuti - chinhu;
• handus - ruoko -ruka;
• clipian - dana - kukudana;
• brid - shiri - shiri.

, Kunyange wokutanga aiva simba guru paumbwe yechipiri pasinei nokuti Old Chirungu uye mitauro ano Chirungu zviri zvikuru vakasiyana mumwe.