Vatongi huru Russian mu kurongwa

Nyaya ino ichakurukura vatongi Russia, kurongwa maererano nenguva. Tichaedza kusimbisa kukosha mabasa machinda, madzimambo uye madzimambo. Pakati pavo vakadzi. Kwemakore ane chiuru, zvakawanda zvachinja muna Russian mamiriro.

Ngatiendei kuburikidza rinonyatsooneka kwawakabva munhoroondo nyika yedu.

statehood

Vatongi huru Russian vakaita zvinoshamisa basa kwete chete munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotsanagura paumbwe statehood. Vakawanda vavo vakava vakakurumbira mukufambisira zvematongerwo enyika dzakawanda. Muenzaniso goho munyika panyika mudariro ndiye kuchinja vatongi mazita okuremekedza Duke kuna mambo.

Novgorod machinda

Next iwe zvichakurukurwa nevamwe vatongi Russia. Kuti yokugara pachigaro, kwamachinda uye vysokorodstva nguva dzose panzvimbo yokutanga yakanga Rurik. Ndiani aiva muvambi ichi mhando? The yakakurumbira paitonga machinda Novgorod?

Sezvinotaurwa mu "zvakaedza zvekare Years", madzinza necheSalvic akadana machinda ake Normans. Vaiva Rurik nehama dzake. Zvinonzi kuzvibatanidza konung Rerik kuDenmark.

Panguva yokutonga kwake aizivikanwa pakuwedzera simba pamusoro pamarudzi Novgorod, Ryazan uye Murom nyika. Mugari wenhaka, akabva Igor muduku, pazvakava Wouprofita Oleg ari mutarisiri chete.

Last wakakurumbira hondo kuzorwa Khazars, kuchinjwa guru kuna Kiev uye akava kurwisa Byzantium.

Olga

mutongi wokutanga gadzi Rus. Pakafa murume, Igor, aifanira kutora simba mumaoko avo. Venhoroondo yakazotaura kuti so "mambakwedza pamberi mambakwedza." Kuenzanisa kwakadaro iye vakakodzera kuva wokutanga kwamachinda kuchiKristu.

Kufanana nevatungamiriri vakawanda nguva rechipfumbamwe kusvika regumi remakore kana gore akamubereka, uye nzvimbo chero mhando ndiyo - haina kuzivikanwa. Pane hypotheses akawanda.

Wokutanga anoti ari vakaburuka VaViking, wechipiri - kubva muPskov. Pane imwe shanduro Olga - mwanasikana Olega Veschego. Zvinozivikanwa chete kuti iye akaberekwa pakupera remakore rechipfumbamwe.

Akaroorwa Igor, iye akararama kwemakore anoverengeka madzoro, kwete hanya bhodhi. Asi pashure porufu rwake munguva purogiramu wemabhuku mutero kubva Drevlyane, Olga akanga kupfuura varayirwa.

Chinhu chokutanga chaakaita chakanga kutsiva nokuparadza vazhinji Drevlyane uye akakunda dzinza. Next akatora kuwedzera upfumi uye tsika muRussia, uyewo chiKristu munguva rwendo kuConstantinople.

Mwanakomana wake, Svyatoslav, uye akaramba ari yechihedheni, uye akatanga kutonga kunyange apo upenyu ramai. Maitiro akadaro - kuchinja kutenda - the kukupfura uye vazhinji vanokudzwa vanhu Kiev akaziva okusafarira.

Asi mafungiro izvi hazvina kutora nguva refu. Nokukurumidza zvose zvakachinja.

Vladimir Red Sun

Vladimir Svyatoslavich, inonzi Guru. Chii iye yakakurumbira? Tataura munyaya ino dzakawanda vatongi Russian. Musi Board kubatwa pakati mid-rechipfumbamwe remakore yokupedzisira mambo, akanga apfurwa ari Bolsheviks. Asi Vladimir akaita chiito kuti kukanganiswa haizopereri kukura munyika.

Ari 988 vakabhabhatidzwa Rus. dzoro kwakadaro zvinhu vakabatsira kuti rapprochement pamwe Byzantium uye kutanga kwandakaita Western Europe uye Eastern nyika.

Madzimambo navabati Russia munhoroondo yacho akaita zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha. Vakawedzera uye kubatanidzwa ndima akakuitira muvengi, akakurira yemuna, asi muchinda vanhu kwave pakunzi "Red Sun". Yaiva rudo rwake uye kunzwisisa nyore nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vanhuwo zvavo, uyewo yokumutsa nemagariro pamwero Russia iri Vladimir zita akaramba muzvizvarwa.

Uyezve, akaremekedzwa somusande.

Yaroslav Mudry

Mumwe wemachinda mukuru munhoroondo Motherland yedu - Yaroslav, mwanakomana Vladimira Velikogo, uyo akabhapatidza Rus. Ndiye inozivikanwa kunyatsoongororwa tichiita dzidzo vanhu "rima", uyewo kuburikidza muchato vana vavo kumisa simba uye ushamwari naye nyika dzokuEurope.

Chii chinozivikanwa nhasi pamusoro uyu mukuru?

Kusvikira ikozvino, pane kusawirirana pamusoro chaiyo musi yokuberekwa Jaroslav. Kana vaunganidzwe mashoko multiple yaMakoronike, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti akazvarwa pakati 983 uye 986 makore.

Akatanga kwake pamwe Rostov, apo akanga "kupfeka patafura" baba. Uyezve zviitiko saizvozvo, sezvakaita vatongi vose Russian. In kurongwa, kuenda pamusoro accession kwevanakomana Vladimir, kubva vakuru muduku. Saka danho rinotevera (pashure pokufa muchinda Novgorod Vysheslav, mukuru mukoma) raiva kuchinjwa Yaroslav muna Novgorod.

Idzi nguva mbiri havaratidzi zvakavhenekerwa zvakakwana. Of chikuru mubereko ndizvo zviitiko pashure apandukira baba vake, Muchinda Kiev. Vladimir akafa, uye haana woutsinye kupanduka. Pashure porufu rwake, anotanga kutamburira guta guru Kiev.

Svjatopolka akaramba Poles uye Cumans uye Jaroslav akaripira VaViking. Somugumisiro pakurwa 1019 Yaroslav akava muchinda Kiev.

Panguva ino akaramba kurwisana Polovtsy (Sophia Cathedral, nenzira, vakaradzikwa kukudzwa kukunda pamusoro pavo). Uye kunosimbisa muchato rara dzimwe nyika. Akanga nevana gumi - vanomwe navanasikana vatatu. Elizabeth, Anastasia uye Anna takaroorana muna Norway, Hungary uye France, ukuwo. Pakati pavanakomana vaviri chete akaenda dzimwe nyika. Izyaslav wokuPoland, uye Vsevolod kuGreece, gare gare akava mwanakomana, Vladimir Monomakh.

Havasi vose vatongi Russia uye Russia anozvikudza kuti vari "babamunini" vatongi dzakawanda dzeEurope nguva yake.

Dmitry Donskoy

Kulikov pakurwa, pamwe yakakurumbira chiitiko paushe vatongi Russia. Zvino 1380. Ihondo dzaiva dzakapararira ari «Ini». Kubvira panguva iyoyo, Muscovy akava chinokosha mutambi ari dzakawanda munhandare. Horde, Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, Byzantium vanotanga kurangana nayo.

Chii chinozivikanwa pamusoro Dmitry Donskoy? Chii kukanganiswa paumbwe mutungamiriri akachenjera kudaro uye akabudirira nemauto? Ngatitarisei mberi.

The ramangwana Grand Prince of Moscow uye Vladimir akaberekwa muMoscow muna 1350. muchengeti wake raiva Metropolitan Alexei, izvo zvikuru uchiumba inotungamirwa Dmitry.

Pamwe chete kukura yomuchinda uye kuzvitsaurira kwake kuna hurumende revatungamiriri decays Yechinwiwa Horde. Pakafa Berdibek kurwira simba. Asi Dmitri achiri awana yokudimbudzira pamusoro nokutonga Khan. In Russia akatsigira candidacy wake, kunze Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod anobatana panzvimbo Vladimir. Last runoita kuti vaparadzane utariri.

A kunzwisisa mhinduro muchinda rakanga rakavhurika kusateerera Horde Khan. Izvi zvakaitika apo Lithuanian-Horde Union asarudza kuisa protege wake Vladimir. Dmitriy akaunganidza mauto ake uye akasvika pamusoro imposter.

Panguva iyo Grand Duke kwave nenzvimbo munyika Moscow. Sezvo nhoroondo Russia, vatongi iyi ndiyo nzvimbo kunyanya abatana akapararira zvemisoro kuva kusaroora.

Nokusateerera munhu Horde Khan zvakagumbura ekupedzisira. Mamay anounganidza mauto uye anoenda Russia. Munzira, iye inoita kuti Ryazan hugota. In Khan Chirongwa chaiva pamwe kurwisa Moscow, pamwe kutora chikamu Lithuanians, Genoese varwi uye Ryazan. Asi Dmitry Donskoy akafanoona dzoro zviitiko zvakadaro, uye akaramba chikumbiro kubhadhara mutero kuna Horde, akabuda mauto kunomisa Amai. The chinangwa chikuru chaiva varwe Khan pasina vatsigiri vayo.

Hondo kwakaitika munzvimbo mativi makiromita gumi Kulikovo (nhasi ndiyo nharaunda Tula nharaunda). Somugumisiro, anenge "munhu Pyrrhic kukunda" akanga akunda. Prince haana kuramba kutsvaka kuputswa Khan zvaireva makuru varasikirwa. Zvisinei, Mamaia Tokhtamysh akasangana munzira kuCrimea, ndokukuvadza yokupedzisira kukundwa.

Kuva dzakazara Khan Tokhtamysh anoenda kuMoscow, anobata wake, asi Dmitry anobvumirana kuchengetedza nyika Russian kuti chizvarwa chake mukutsinhana mutero. Zvadaro, akatanga kusimbisa ukama Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania kudzivisa Horde Khan.

Saka, kana mazita mazita vatongi Russian Dmitry Donskoy achava zvezvisarudzo vakakurumbira. Akakwanisa kwete chete kuramba nyika nenzvimbo pashure Ivanom Kalitoy, asiwo akaita yakaoma kukundwa kuna Golden Horde, yakavakwa chena-ibwe Moscow uye akasimbisa dynastic ukama Eastern Europe.

Ivan Grozny

Somutongi yaizotevera, izvo tichakurukura gare gare, Ivan Grozny akava kwakakurumbira ndeuke munhau. Pamutemo, ndiye wokupedzisira "Grand Duke" uye wokutanga "Mambo All Russia."

Pedigree ake kunoshamisa. It akabatanidzwa ari genus Rurik, Mamaia (muvambi Glinskikh) uye Palaeologus (imba kuti madzimambo Byzantine). Saka usazvikudza vatongi zhinji Russian. In kurongwa basa Ivan IV tione.

Pamutemo, Mukuru Duke, akava makore matatu, asi umambo akazodzwa panguva gumi namatanhatu. mokukwira kwake pachigaro akabatanidza zvido zhinji. Chokutanga, aida kutonga. Chechipiri, Metropolitan Macarius akaedza kusimbisa Orthodoxy, iro zvishoma dzakaderera mune iyoyo. Chechitatu, Byzantium aida yakabatana uye ndiani akatenda kuti kuteerera pfungwa chamambo.

Kutaura zvazviri, Ivan akazviratidza akazvimirira, simba uye anoziva mambo uye wavarwi. Sezvo nhoroondo Russia, simbisa hurumende magavhuna kana uumburuke dzakawanda anonyengera uye kuputsa vazhinji kare zvakasikwa. In chete Grand Duke akabatanidza zvose izvi unhu.

Early yake basa akaita nzendo pamusoro anenge ose vavakidzani. WokuLivonia Order uye Krymskoe Hanstvo, Sweden, Kazan uye Astrakhan. Vamwe mishandirapamwe vakabudirira, ruzhinji - kwete. Huru dambudziko raiva yavairwisana European inoti.

Muzana rokutanga pachikuva, zvose achienda zvakanaka; Order vakakundwa, ari Crimean Khan vakakundwa. Zvisinei, nguva oprichnina, iyo ichakurukurwa pazasi, zvose akayambuka panze. mambo reorientation kune epamba matambudziko akapa breather vavengi yokumwe.

Somugumisiro, pashure refu gumi hondo Russia akarasikirwa ose yakakunda nyika kusvikira kumavirira, uye akapa chimwe chikamu Municipality, achizvicheka saizvozvo kuenda kugungwa. Against kuda hama vamambo uye Ermak Stroganoff vakabata nzvimbo huru kweSiberia pane akabatsira nehurumende zvikuru.

Ngatitaurei zvino kutaura pamusoro oprichnina. Yaiva enyika kufamba mambo, umo aida kusika nemhedziso umambo, kubvisa zvose nevari boyars. Mumakore oprichnina vakaurayiwa uye vakatambudzwa mhuri dzakawanda inozvikudza.

At mukuru Varindi vakamira Malyuta Skuratov, kuzivikanwa vanhu vakatanga musoro wembwa uye pomelo akasungirirwa Chigaro bhiza.

Dambudziko nguva ino kuti chinangwa oprichnina chake haana asvika, akarima "kuvhiringidzika kukuru uye nokukakavadzana pakati pevanhu." Zvokuti, kuti Ivanu Groznomu aiva gore kupfeka Moscow choushe Khan kubuda zvinhu. Nokuti gore ekupedzisira "Grand Duke" Mambo ndikabvisa zhinji dzakakwirira Varindi uye akaratidza kuti vanhu anahwo vatongi kuipa.

Paitonga nevatongi Russian asina womukati kutya zvokuti vanotochiita Ivan Grozny. mutemo uyu kwakaita kuti kukoromora simba pamusoro pehurumende uye haizopereri chokuendesa dzose kumavirira.

Saka, ushe Ivan akatanga kutora kukunda, asi akanga asingakwanisi kukunda "vakasununguka-mafungiro boyars" uye yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka ari pamangange. Izvi ndizvo akaparadza nyika kuti kuderera.

Peter I

Kutanga Peter I, vatongi zvikuru zita wokuRussia Emperor wacho. Iye pachake, Chokwadi, aiva wekupedzisira vaitakura zita ramambo.

Kazhinji, asi kunyatsoongorora vaongorori pachinhu mabasa aro vangasimudzira zvakasiyana. Vamwe funga iye mukuru vavandudzi, vamwe vakaratidza chaiyo zvakashandurwa, uye rinooneka vakatsoropodza mutemo mamiriro mumakore rokutonga kwake.

Ngationei kuti chii chakaita wongororo vakavhengana kwakadaro.

Peter A. aiva mwana namana wababa vake, Alexei Mikhailovich. Kuoma kunzwisisa nyaya yake akarara pakuti mai vake rakanga Natalia Naryshkin, mudzimai wamambo wechipiri. Ndicho chake choushe aigona kuenda chete sezvo chokupedzisira.

Somwana, Peter dzidzo murombo, somugumisiro kuvhiringidza pakati vafundisi akamutsa ayo vanhuwo vanamabharani. Zvisinei, Makwanza ari yokungotaura zivo nyore nokuda Papera tsika, kunyange akanyora zvose ake upenyu pakutsauka.

nzira dzake mutemo vakatanga pashure pokupanduka Archer, izvo zvakaita kuti dzinonakidza monyorora munhau yeRussia. Panguva kuomerera pane musketeers, kuti chigaro akanga wakasimwa panguva madzimambo maviri. Wokutanga aiva mukoma mukuru pakati Ivan kubva Sofia Alekseevna, wechipiri Peter. Nhasi unogona kuona yeZvombo yavo Dual choushe.

Pashure Sophia akatora basa muchengeti, Natalia Naryshkin uye mwanakomana wake akatumira kumusha Chitarisiko, apo Petro akapedza uduku hwake.

Zviri pano kuti ramangwana pamambo akanga achiva basa guru mukuru uye musayendisiti. Iye kutakura mutambo varwi munyika chaiyo uye pave varaidza echiShinto.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, Peter inova kutyisidzira Queen Sofia. Unoedza kuhupedza, asi nokuti hondo akateerera muchinda muduku, mubati rakakundwa uye akadzingirwa yemamongi.

Chinhu chokutanga Peter pashure akauya simba, aiva kubatwa zviri Azov. Zvino akazarura ndima kuna Azov uye Black makungwa.

Asi kukwikwidzana akadaro mugungwa vavengi, akadai hweOttoman Empire, apo Russia vakasagona. Naizvozvo, mambo anotumira anokudzwa pwere Europe "kurovedza", uye nokukurumidza anoenda pachake.

Peter - mutongi wokutanga Russian uyo akafambira mberi mberi. Ndosaka vanoti kuti aiva "akavhura hwindo kuna Europe" nokuti gore umo akashanyira kuBaltic States, Netherlands, Austria, England. Chinangwa rekupinda kwaiva kuwana vatsigiri mukurwisa hweOttoman Empire.

Asi kuwedzera nedzenyu mishoni hwaPetro asi kugona shipbuilding Ndakashanyira foundry, pakuzivana mabasa Paramende yeBritain.
Mugumisiro ichi yanga kwete hondo pamwe hweOttoman Empire, sezvo zvingaita sokuti, uye reorientation pakati mutemo wokuRussia mamiriro wakakwana. Zvino wamambo zvido vaiva kuBaltic States.

Kumusha, mambo akabata wandei zvinhu, zvakadai akaveura ndebvu boyars "iri European saizvozvo." Uyezve, akatambura Idzva Year kupemberera musi January 1st.

Uyezve zviitiko dzakabudirira nokukurumidza zvikuru. Kukunda Northern War pamwe kuSweden, achienda hweOttoman Empire, Iran, kukura kweSiberia. Mugumisiro nezviito izvi kwaiva kuchinja Russia kubvira zvatinosiita Ages mamiriro mugomba guru.

Peter pachake akatora musoro wokutanga mambo reRussia. Nguva madzimambo pamusoro. Hurumende akapinda renyika.

Ndosaka vanoti kuti Peter I Mukuru - mutongi Russia zvakanakisisa. Iye zvakazara yakakodzerwa musoro pamabasa ake muupenyu.

Catherine II

Chimwe chinokosha munhu kuti uchiumba mberi kukura simba uye kukurumbira munyika pamusoro renyika, akava Sofiya Angalt-Zerbst, yezwi Orthodoxy wakanyengwa Catherine.

Iye akaberekwa mumhuri muchinda German. Zvisinei, muna Russia, zvakanga netsaona. The Empress, kutsvaka mwenga mwanakomana wake akasarudza wake candidacy.
mai vake akadzingwa kuRussia se "musori vachida Prussia," asi izvi hazvina kutadzisa Catherine kuva mudzimai Peter III.

Future Empress pakutanga kunyatsoti huchikanganiswa mhuri itsva.

The kutevedzana kwezviitiko Vatongi Russia angave zvakasiyana kana kwete nokuda kwemaitiro wake uye vamwene vake. Peter pakarepo kure pachake kubva Catherine, saka vanobatsira zvikuru chitarisiko chake vaaida, uyewo kuva ukama pachivande pamwe British.

Chero bedzi kukura vakawanda musikana German mune anokudzwa yeChina guru, kuti kutendeseka chamambo vakazongofa. Kuchiguma chisarudzo Peter afa Elizabeth. Zvaakanga akava nhamba okukunda muhondo pamwe Prussia, iye akasaina disadvantageous chaizvo chibvumirano. Unodzokera wokupedzisira yakakunda nendima, uye anova nomutsigiri wake pamusoro Denmark.

Ndicho ichi pfupi VANOONA Politika Petra akabatsira Catherine kuti chimurenga. Tichibatsirwa Britain French dzinopiwa uye rutsigiro hondo, akava mambokadzi mutsva Russia.

Kazhinji vakadzi Vatongi Russia ndiyo basa chokuita netsika uye nokusimbaradza aripo tsika. Kwete kubva munzira iyi uye Catherine. Ari kushandisa favorite kubva pamusoro muchiuto rakawedzerwa nharaunda yayo tichiregeredza New Russia uye Commonwealth.

Uyezve, pfungwa inokosha yaiva Empress kunyorerana nevazivi French. Zvakabatsira Catherine zvikuru kuumba mufananidzo munyika ramangwana ane vanogara akadzidza.

Kubvisa nguva ushe ayo aiva chizivano. Empress kazhinji vakaenda pamusoro dzavo dzinovavaraidza uye vanoda, ipai zvavo Estates, mumisha, vachipedza chezvipo. Maitiro akadaro vakabatsira kuti pakuzadzisa uori munyika.

Zvisinei, kana iwe tora mufananidzo rokutonga Catherine Guru rose, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti akatonga munyika mumutsara pamwe vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Zvakafanana mune nyika dzokuEurope.

Nicholas II

YaMakoronike uye tsvakurudzo, iyo inoreva vatongi Russia kuitira, zita Nicholas II rinogumisa mudungwe pamusoro remadzimambo. Shure naye kare kunyanya vatungamiri proletariat.

Chii anoyeukwa nokuda zvizvarwa rokupedzisira mambo yeRussian ezvinhu?

Nicholas II aiva unenviable mugove. Kubva muduku ndakarerwa mweya rukudzo uye kushumira Yababa, akamanikidzwa kutora mutoro unorema pamafudzi avo. Nhasi, vaongorori vakawanda vanowanzomuitira kufunga kuti pakutanga akanga asingadi nemasaini Manifesto, uye tora itsvo mumaoko avo.

Kure VANOONA uye kwete, vehondo uye vazivi, vadzidzisi, uye vadzvinyiriri. Ose vaiva vatongi Russia. In kurongwa, vanotarisa yakaoma uye zvedzidzo. Tichaedza kutarisa upenyu mambo wokupedzisira neimwe nzira.

Kubva pauduku, Nicholas II akanga ajaira hondo, kunyange hunhu akanga akanyarara, rugare uye anonzwisisa. Izvi plexus unhu zvakabetsera accession akachenjera uye mutoro mambo.

Mumakore okutonga, iye akakwanisa kutungamirira nyika kuti upfumi yepamusorosoro, apo Russian Empire kwakaitika wokutanga pamazita dzakabudirira. Soft, aiwanzoenda akakundwa kufurirwa mazano ake uye kwemwoyo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kutadzisa ake kubudirira chirongwa muna Far East, hondo pamwe Japan uye tora mugove World War First.

Kuvaka njanji, zvoupfumi kuchinja, kuvandudza nekubata chinzvimbo. Izvi chete duku mazita mupiro wake kukura nyika. Asi hapana aigona kumisa kukura Kusagutsikana zvavo. Muboka revatungamiriri zvakaora kusvika pokupedzisira, uye vanhu vaida kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu.

izvi zvose kwakaguma February, uye mushure October Revolution. Muna 1917 iye abdicated uye mhuri yake asungwa imba. Zvadaro, zvokungoitawo Government kushandura navo Tobolsk. Uye muna July 1918 pedyo Yekaterinburg yose dzemhuri youmambo kupfurwa ari Bolsheviks.

Pane shanduro umo mumwe kana kupfuura vana kutiza, asi hapana haina yasimbiswa.

Nyaya iyi akauya vatongi Russia kubva Rurik kuna Nicholas II, mambo wokupedzisira Ropa. Pasinei remadunhu-, iye achiri akanga rehabilitated uye somusande.

Nokudaro, tiri muchidimbu nezvevanakomana chakajeka mapeji munhoroondo nyika yedu.