Vezvenhau uye mutemo pamusoro pavo

Media sezvo vazhinji vanotenda, ndiyo "yechina wemunda". Naizvozvo matambudziko mapepanhau, magazini, TV, redhiyo uye paIndaneti zvinyorwa rinooneka munzanga yanhasi. Chii basa uye kushanda nhau? Sei zviri pamutemo mutemo vezvenhau bhora? Chii zvakagadzirwa zvatingatarisira panyaya iyi?

Tsanangudzo "vezvenhau"

Maererano nevakawanda dudziro, vezvenhau - vari masangano kuti vakasikwa kuti ruzhinji nhepfenyuro kuti vanhu kana omunharaunda boka mashoko ayo siyana achishandisa siyana rwokugadzira makwara. Media vanowanzotevedzera kuva akainangisa uye Category (sectoral) kukoshesa. Kune enyika nhau, vezvenhau ane bhizimisi dzidziso, zvesayenzi, varaidzo nezvimwewo. D.

channel kwezvinhu mune mubvunzo, zvino kazhinji rakakamurwa kure-mutsetse (uyewo vachinzi "tsika") uye paIndaneti. Aimbova vanosanganisira mapepanhau akadhindwa nemagazini, redhiyo uye terevhizheni. To wechipiri - vazvo kuti ushande paIndaneti muchimiro nyaya web mapeji, TV uye panhepfenyuro online, uyewo mavhidhiyo uye makaseti clip, vakapararira sezvo kurekodha uye nedzimwe nzira kugutsikana pakukurukura kushandisa digitaalinen ruzivo (Flash mharidzo, HTML5-chinyorwa, uye d.) zvichingodaro..

The chidzoke vezvenhau

Zvisinei, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, zvinobudisa nhau prototypes ose kwatova namazuva iwayo, kana vanhu asina kutanga kwete kuti ari wokudhinda uye arufabheti, uye kunyange mutauro dzakazara. Rock Mifananidzo kare, mamwe masayendisiti anodavira, aigona kare kuita nhamba mitambo chevaya vanoita zvenhau ano. Somuenzaniso, achishandisa imwe rudzi runochengeta aigona kuudza (hedu kana netsaona) mumwe akasvika panzvimbo yavo, chii zvinhu varipo mundima - mvura, uswa, zvicherwa, kupa mamiriro okunze features, (somuenzaniso, kuti vaswedere zuva ) kana kuratidza zvimwe zvipfeko zviri nenhamba.

Zvisinei, "vakawanda" nhau akawanikwa, Chokwadi, chete pamusoro chokwadi pamusoro yakagadzirwa, vezvenhau, anobvumawo hwokugadzira mukana kuberekana manyuko mune vakawanda makopi. Ndiyo akazotevera Middle Ages - imwe nguva apo pepanhau wokutanga. Panguva kwezana 19-20th emakore akanga yagadzirwa runhare, neteregirafu, uye gare gare - redhiyo uye TV. Pakazosvika nguva nenzanga dzakabudirira vakatanga kuwana chaihwo kudiwa kutaurirana pamusaka pezvakaitwa anoratidza zvinhu okukura enyika, matambudziko evanhu uye zvoupfumi, ichiibvira kupinda intensification okuwana uye pakatanga itsva musika zvigadziriswe. Hurumende uye mabhizimisi vava nokushingaira shandisa iripo Michina kutaura munharaunda. Izvi Muitiro iri vaikurumidza kuwana vakawanda hunhu, uye pakanga vezvenhau vari muchimiro umo atinozviita.

Vezvenhau une kurayira hombe, kunyanya mune zvematongerwe zvakatipoteredza. Zvava kiyi mashandiro pakukurukurirana pakati hurumende uye nzanga, uyewo kunobatsira hurukuro pakati masangano enyika akasiyana. Media yakava zvekuvaka, kudzora izvo kwaizovimbisa mano mapoka mubereko siyana kudzora pfungwa dzevanhu pamusoro pamwero yose muvanhu kana kwayo nhengo. Paiva simba zvenhau.

Media rusununguko chaizvo mabasa. Ngationgororei navo.

Media mabasa

vanamazvikokota anonzi mashoko chinokosha basa. Zviri kupa munzanga kana chaiwo mapoka, ayo chimiro, pamwe nemashoko kuratidza ano matambudziko, kuitika, Zvaifungidzirwa. Uyewo, mashoko basa kungaratidzwa iri bhuku aya kana zvimwe vatambi enyika kana vanotongwa mubhizimisi mashoko kuitira kuti vazivise kwete vanhu chete, asiwo nhamba inokosha kana masangano pachavo chechetere kwavo. Izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa Somuenzaniso, muna Bhuku unyanzvi kubvunzurudza, apo entrepreneur hurukuro pamusoro yemakwikwi zvakanakira zvakasimba - mashoko akadaro anogona dzaona kuverenga kunyange kubva chipfuro vatengi, sezvo avo vanogona kunzi kambani vakwikwidzi, kana Somuenzaniso, zvinogona vanoita . In chimiro ichi pamharidzo mashoko angave akasiyana. Pakati kiyi inogona huviri - muchimiro chokwadi uye muchimiro maonero (kana zvinodzikamiswa nokusanganisa mienzaniso iyi miviri).

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti vezvenhau vaite redzidzo (uye vamwe zvakadini nevamwe) ushande. It iri kuchinjwa mapoka evanhu kana nzanga chipfuro rose zivo, izvo kubatsira kuwedzera padanho munyaya avo kana mamwe maitiro kutanga kunzwisisa zviri kuitika mune zvematongerwo enyika, mune upfumi, munzanga. Uyewo basa dzidzo nhau inokosha kubva nemaonero kuti kubaya vateereri kunzwisisa mutauro verengeka bhuku inofambidzana dzose, vanofarira kuwana mashoko matsva. The simba zvenhau nenhanho dzidzo yakadaro, Chokwadi, hakusi kukuru. basa Izviwo, rakagadzirirwa kubata muzvikoro, kumayunivhesiti uye nemamwe masangano edzidzo. Zvisinei, vezvenhau vanogona Nyatsobatanidzwai mukwanisi zivo kuti munhu anogamuchira iri nemasangano edzidzo.

Kushamwaridzana nhau basa kungava kubatsira vanhu vari kubvuma kuti zviri evanhu kwezvakatipoteredza. Vezvenhau vanogona kupa vanhu nhungamiro kusarudzwa tsika kuti achabatsira kuti kunokurumidza kuchinjira kumamiriro maduramazwi socio-zveupfumi uye enyika kwendangariro.

Ndiani anodzora ani?

Vezvenhau kana totaura zvegutsaruzhinji hwoudzvinyiriri, uyewo kuita mashandiro kudzora avo kana zvimwe mananara mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi. In nezvenyaya iyi, icho anoita, Mwari akaronga kuti vanhu pacharo. Kuwadzana nhau, nzanga (somunhu mutemo, patinotarisana munhu kurovedzera, anomirira zvido mamwe mapoka) anosika yakakodzera nemaonero uye vezvenhau pacharo kuti paruzhinji. Power, uyewo, kana kuti vanotongwa upfumi basa, mabhizimisi, nomumwe vatungamiriri bhizimisi vachamanikidzwa kubvuma kuMudzidzisi zvikumbiro munzanga, "mushumo" zvipikirwa nokuda Implementation pakati zvirongwa, matambudziko nokukurumidza. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kudzorwa basa iri vaisanganisa ne vatsoropodzi. Basa vezvenhau mupfungwa iyi haachinji - Chikurukuru, kuti ibudise akakodzera mashoko uye vaitaura kuti vakawanda. Zvino, uyewo, kutepfenyura kwaiita zviremera kana mabhizimusi.

Mumwe dzakananga mashandiro anoita zvenhau - nekunyatsotsanangura. Zviri inokodzera vanhu, zvakare, mukutarisana kurovedzera yokumiririra munhu zvinodiwa, kuti vataurewo zvavanofunga paruzhinji, kutaurirana vamwe vateereri. With nekunyatsotsanangura uye kuunganidza vavakidzani zvimwe vezvenhau. It presupposes kuvapo mugero kuburikidza izvo chete vatsigiri anoratidza munhu zvido vanobatanidzwa nedanho enyika kana zvoupfumi hunhu. Havasi vamiriri munhu maonero, asiwo pakarepo manhamba nenhanho hurumende kana bhizimisi.

Vezvenhau uye mutemo

Vezvenhau Russian, sezvo nhepfenyuro munyika dzakawanda munyika, kushanda maererano nemitemo isingachinji mutemo. Imhandoi normative mabasa yokudzora mabasa nhau bhora iri Russian Federation? Kwainyanya mutemo, isu - Mutemo "On Vanobudisa nhau", iro vakapinda simba muna February 1992. Zvisinei, rakazoshandiswa muna December 1991. Kubvira ipapo Soviet Union huchiripo pamutemo, muviri kuti vakatanga chiito chainzi Supreme Council of Russia. A chiratidzo chacho President of RSFSR Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin. Asati chiito chepamutemo ichi anonzi mutemo yeSoviet "On the Press", vakasvika simba muna August 1990. Nyanzvi dzinoti zvose zvinokonzera mutemo yakatanga vainyanya chete vanyori.

History of Russian nevezvenhau mutemo

Chii mitemo vakanga pakurukurwa vaviri, zvatakakutadzirai ainzi pamusoro? Vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuti mitemo mabasa nhau, kuita pamberi October Revolution. Zvisinei, vakanga yakapedza pashure hurumende shanduko. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, paiva nechirevo pamusoro venhau, wakasainwa neDare vanhu Commissars muna October 1917. Zvainzi rekukwazisa zvematongerwe enyika matsva ezvinhu vachawana Kugadzikana, vamwe administrative kukanganisa basa nemabhuku zvichabviswa vakarega. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti pane rusununguko rwokutaura, ndinonetsekana zvinogoneka chete zviyero akafanirwa zvokutonga zviremera. Zvisinei, kuitwa mutemo, izvo zvaizoita kuvaka pamusoro urongwa uhwu, uye haana kutora nzvimbo kusvikira 1990.

Kusenza uye mbirikira

The Bolsheviks, sezvambotaurwa dzakaitika, anenge pakarepo pamusoro pakagadzwa ayo zviremera akavhara dzakawanda dhazeni mumapepanhau akaongororwa. Mabasa nhau eSoviet haana nokudzorwa chero mutemo uye kwakanga, maererano nyanzvi, pasi zvakananga kudzora CPSU uye USSR Council of Vashumiri. Kudyidzana vezvenhau uye simba USSR zvakaitika chaizvoizvo unilaterally. Functionaries zviri nechepakati zviremera kana zvavo pasi vanhu vari hurongwa huri ufanane Union chinoda vavo constituent masangano, sezvo dzekare uye magweta vanoti, kutora zvisarudzo zvakakodzera pamusoro kiyi zvinoumba wedzero mutemo, ugadze vakuru anokosha mune zvenhau, kugadzirisa yesangano nyaya. Mamiriro ezvinhu kwakaitika vo mumunda redhiyo uye terevhizheni. Saka, muna USSR pamutemo vakavhura chete ehurumende-mhanya vezvenhau.

Asi yechipiri yezana 80s paiva mbirikira munyika. Tsika zvakananga hurumende chipingaidzo mabasa nhau zvimwe kwete zvichienderana pamwe zvichiitika chokwadi mumunda. De facto, muparidzi akatanga kuridza hombe basa socio-enyika Kugadzirwa USSR. Asi of jure vakanga simba. Vaparidzi havana kugona, sezvataurwa nedzimwe nyanzvi, dzokurasa mubereko kubva kutengeswa hombe Zara. Somugumisiro, hutungamiri munyika asarudza kunyora mutemo pamusoro nhau, izvo zvaizoita kuti zviri pamutemo vakanochengeta kukosha kuti vezvenhau vawana iri nguva glasnost. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kusika nhau-bhora, kuita pasina bato mutsetse.

Saka, kubva August 1, 1990 muSoviet Union akazarura mukana kuti kushanda vezvenhau yechinangwa nevoruzhinji. The chete mashandiro kuti nyanzvi dzakawanda vaiona ane ungira kuti nguva kusenza, vezvenhau rava fanira kunyoresa, zvinoda zvaidiwa dzimwe tsika. Sewevhu, Somuenzaniso, kutsunga ari munhu kana sangano kumisa vanobudisa nhau, - mutemo akarayira kudaro.

The itsva nhau mutemo?

Pamutemo wokurera ari USSR, zviri pamutemo chiito yokudzora basa nhau, mune simba kusvikira zvino. Zvisinei, panguva kuvapo mutemo maari kuti nguva nenguva dzirikure yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita. Nhasi, ari gakava panyaya kana kuti aongorore zviri pamutemo chiito kamwe zvakare, kunyora izvi kana kuti wokuyera, hatimiri. Zvechokwadi, kubvuma uku musimboti mutemo haridzimi (chero zvazvingava, mashoko ruzhinji aizivikanwa voruzhinji, hazvisi). Zvisinei, vaitaura kuti dzakasiyana-siyana yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita zvaizoitika sei kushanda nhau kuRussia, zvikuru zvizhinji.

Zvezvisarudzo achangopfuura, izvo zvave vakagamuchirwa neHurumende Duma, uyo anouya kurambidzwa ari muridzi kufarira nhau vatorwa. Chii chaizvo chinorehwa pano? Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, Nehunde migove uye guta guru mvumo yeRussian nevezvenhau, vatorwa vaigona kuva chero zvaaida zvikuru (dzakakudzingai nokure redhiyo uye terevhizheni). In kuwa 2014, State Duma ari kuverengwa matatu kushandisa yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kuti vezvenhau murairo kubva 2016, vanoita vatorwa vanogona nesimba hapana anopfuura 20% wokuRussia nevezvenhau zvinhu.

Kuderedza chikamu navatorwa

With migumisiro kuitwa yomurayiro mutsva shanduro vangasangana, nyanzvi dzinoti, kwete chete nevezvenhau nzira yokubudisa. Mienzaniso zviwande. A mukuru inorwara vatorwa munyika yesangano vaparidzi akadai sanoma Independent Media, Bauer, Hearst Shkulev nevamwe vazhinji. Kuti circumvent nemitemo mutemo, magweta tenda, ndizvo matambudziko. Mitemo vakaisa pasi chiito, usarega vatorwa vaiva mbambo mune zvenhau yesangano kuburikidza nhume kwezviitiko akasiyana pamutemo masangano. Chii chinombodiwa kutungamirira?

Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti mugumisiro wacho kupinda simba yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kungava chido vamwe nhau pezvitsiga kurwa basa iri Russian Federation. Zvikurukuru nokuti vaongorori vanodavira kuti vezvenhau varidzi havazokwanisi kuvaka omupepeti Mutemo zvinodiwa format. Panyaya iyi ruzivo mararamiro nhau muchiso anogona kurasikirwa sezvo vaverengi kurega kutenga mabhuku akakodzera, uye muridzi vachatambura varasikirwa. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, nzira yakakodzera mutemo inogona kusava chokuita chokwadi kuti chinonyanya vasanonoka kuti muparamende zvoupenyu zvenhau nzvimbo muRussia (zvematongerwo enyika, vanhu) zvinodzorwa nevanhu vokune dzimwe nyika havasi zvikuru. Zvikuru vatorwa pesvedzero mumagazini "vaima", riri kushanda hachibatsiri nyaya National kukosha.

Mutemo uri bloggers

Zvimwewo mukuru-Profile zvirongwa yeRussian muparamende - yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita chokuita mabasa bloggers. Maererano navo, varidzi Internet nezvikumbaridzo (kana mapeji ari network uye zvimwe paIndaneti zvirongwa zvakafanana kwavari) mune mamwe mashoko anoshandiswa kuenzaniswa vezvenhau kana tsamba mapeji vateereri vanopfuura zviuru 3. Users daily. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, kuti yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita dzisina chokuita mutemo "On Misa Media" uye dzimwe nomutemo mabasa chokuita murau mashoko michina.

Imhandoi mitoro yakananga kuti vezvenhau, vachafanira kuita zvinoenderana dzakakurumbira bloggers? Chokutanga, ndiko kupa zita chairo, wokutanga zita uye patronymic. Uyewo, iyo blogger anofanira kuratidza e-mail, kwaari zvaibvira kuitisa kukurukura zviri pamutemo chinokosha. Uyewo, zita uye e-mail blogger kana Web Hosting Provider nzvimbo chirongwa riri, zvinofanira Redirect Roskomnadzor.

The Blog hazvirevi kubudisa mashoko aigona, pamusaka kwayo kugutsikana uye nenhungamiro, zvinopesana dzemunharaunda ari mutemo. Somuenzaniso, zviri inadmissible uye kusina chokuita mashoko, nezvaakatonga, uye chinyorwa Pamiedzo pachako Data mu akaipa nemashoko, zvinofarirwa nevamwe vanhu.