Welding: nomoto nzira uye rwokugadzira. Kupatsanura pakati nomoto pezvakaitwa

Welding - a negashiro majoini yechigarire kuburikidza muchidziisa uye kubvunda kumicheto zvikamu. Kana yapfuura paingova nesimbi, asi nhasi nzira iyi kwakabatana, uye nezvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai epurasitiki.

Mumwe anogona kuti weld vadyi - ndomumwe iro rave kuwanikwa utsotso kana nomoto nemiedzo. Chokwadi, pane mijenya nzira kuwana achida mugumisiro. Somuenzaniso, pane chimwe chinhu chakadai wemagetsi chinhu chakakombama, kuti nawo, uye nomoto rinoitwa. nomoto nzira vane siyana, tichaedza nepatinogona napo kuti funga navo.

A zvishoma nhoroondo. kupatsanura

Nokuchengetedza simbi - wokutanga nomoto rikurumidze. Kudiwa yokugadzirisa simbi zvigadzirwa, uye kusikwa zvikamu nani kuva chinodiwa kukura nomoto kwendangariro. Nokudaro, chinhu chakakombama wakashamira mumakore 1800-1802. Sezvo akaita kuedza siyana. Pakupedzisira vanhu vakadzidza sei kuti welded majoini nokuda magetsi chinhu chakakombama. On muganhu Russia ari kushingaira kugadzirira vanokwanisa welders, michina mitsva tichingotarisira kuitwa dzakabudirira, tichaona nzira dzakasiyana, etc. Muenzaniso unoshamisa kwazvo yokungotaura uye hunoshanda chawo ari akatanga kudzidzisa ainzi pashure Bauman.

Pari kune anenge 150 nzira iyo nomoto rinoitwa. Welding nzira dzakaparadzaniswa mumuviri, hwokugadzira uye kwesayenzi chikonzero. Somuenzaniso, mapoka makuru matatu anogona kuzivikanwa panyama zviratidzi:

• Thermal - ichi mhando nomoto, kunze nokushandisa chafariz simba. Izvi zvinosanganisira gasi, yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama, Laser uye vamwe. Welding.
• TMP - mhando nomoto, hunosanganisira kushandiswa kwete chete kupisa asiwo kuvafurira. Izvi zvingava kuonana, diffusion, nokuchengetedza, etc. remubatanidzwa
• Zvokuimba mhando nomoto. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, mashoko zvokuimba simba. Rakajairika inotonhora nomoto, kuputika, kukweshera uye nevamwe.

Ose kuroorwa simba mari, kwezvakatipoteredza ushamwari yakasiyana mhando, uyewo midziyo yaishandiswa panguva oparesheni.

murazvo nomoto

Panyaya iyi, mukuru kupisa kunobva anoita se murazvo ari vanowanika nokuda combustion peturu rakavhenganiswa oxygen. To musi, vanopfuura gumi nevaviri anozivikanwa magasi ringaita kushandiswa. Yakakurumbira kupfuura - iri acetylene, IAF, propane uye butane. Kupisa inonyunguduka pemvura pamwe chete filler zvinhu.

Mutekenyi vanogadzirisa murazvo hunhu. Zvingava chinhu oxidizing, kwazvakarerekera kana achidzikisa, zvichienderana okisijeni uye gasi ari musanganiswa. Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika IAF kushandiswa, izvo kwete chete anopa mukuru nomoto akurumidze, asiwo kwazvo unhu chisimbiso. Asi panguva kudiwa kushandisa waya chinodhura dzakakwirira zviri manganese nesilicon. To musi, ichi ndicho chaiko musanganiswa gasi nomoto, nokuda kuchengeteka uye yakakwirira combustion tembiricha oxygen (2430 Celsius).

Zvakawanda zvinoenderana Kuronga simbi, iyo yainorongwa kuti welded. Nokudaro, zvichienderana ichi parameter yasarudzwa yakawanda filler pematanda, uye pamwe ngaabvumire pakukora zvesimbi - zvavo dhayamita. With kunyatsogadzirira asati miganhu Welding.

All Welding nzira (gasi) zvakafanana, kuti chinhu mvere pamusoro tembiricha. Ndicho chikonzero vanouya kushanda simbi machira muna 0.5-5 neMM, dzisiri ferrous nesimbi, uyewo mudziyo simbi uye akakanda simbi.

Ngatitorei kunyatsoongorora dzimwe nzira kuti gasi nomoto. Kune vazhinji.

Kuruboshwe, kurudyi uye kuburikidza-nomoto

Kana jira ukobvu haasi anopfuura 5 mm vakasiya anowanzodanwa kushandiswa chimiro negasi nomoto. Nokudaro, burner Uchibviswa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, uye filler shamhu pamberi. Murazvo chinotungamirwa kubva musono uye rinopisa tsime nzvimbo kubatwa uye filler waya. Chidobi zvinosiyana zvichienderana simbi ukobvu. Kana jira idukusa 8 mm, kuti burner kunoita chete achitevedza musono. Kana kupfuura 8 mm, zvakakodzera panguva yokuuraya oscillatory anodudzira ari transverse mirayiridzo nani weld unhu. Left mukana nzira ndechokuti opareta anogona kunyatsoona atambudzwe nzvimbo, uye rinogona nechokwadi kuti zvakafanana.

Musiyano mukuru pakati kurudyi-ruoko nomoto ndechokuti isingadyi mari yakawanda. Chikonzero ndechokuti burner moto havasi kunangidzirwa kubva musono, uye pacho. Izvi zvinoita weld simbi yacho kunonyanyisa ukobvu, sezvamakaropafadzwa kumicheto rekona hwomukova ishoma. The burner inofamba kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, uye shure iri filler tsvimbo.

Chokwadi, kana tichida kufunga nzira gasi nomoto, iva nechokwadi chokuti zvinokosha kutaura munhu kuburikidza Welding chinotenderera. Kuishandisa kana unofanira kuwana hunyambiri garo rwakashodoka. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti zvinoitwa kuburikidza chiduku buri pazasi inowanikwa. Kana uchifamba yokumusoro chikamu burner apertures ikanyauka, uye kana chirungiso iri jekiseni, Musana chikamu welded. Kana jira ukobvu iri guru, basa riri kuitwa kumativi ose uye ari anoitwa dzaishandisa maviri.

Bathing nomoto nzira chisimbiso

Vazhinji vedu vanoziva armature, iro zvinowanzoshandiswa chakakandirwa-furemu kuvakwa. It rinoshandisirwa mu pindana zvinogumbura, mirwi, etc. Ngatitorei kunyatsoongorora zvinoitwa nomoto ichi. Kakawanda rinoshandiswa nokuda chinjikira mbariro. The nzira ine pakuti hwendarira welded kuumba pejoinhi. Zvino unoitisa dziva yakaumbwa simbi nemhaka chinhu chakakombama kupisa. It saka zvinoitika kuti miromo welded chisimbiso uchanyauka uye dzinoumba zvakafanana kugeza. Saka, kubatana kwakakwana achiumbwa panguva kutonhora.

Asi usati watanga unofanira kugadzira zvokuishambidza nomoto tsvimbo. Izvi zvinoitwa sezvinotevera: pemvura, uye migumo vari vakabvisa, nechipi nechipi kusvibiswa hwaputswa, semuenzaniso, ngura, chigayo pamwero uye tsvina. Nokuti nzira iyi, simbi bhurasho. Nenzira, zvakakosha kuzosunungura vharuvhu kuti kureba 30 mm panguva weld. Matanda vari yakaiswa coaxially. Panyaya iyi pakakoromoka haafaniri kupfuudza hafu dhayamita pamusoro electrode (apera).

The kwacho kunoitika pasi kumusoro dzenzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, apo electrode 6 mm ndiri weredha ari kushanda pane imwe kwazvino Amps 450. Kana totaura yakaderera tembiricha magetsi paanenge yakawedzera 10-12%. Uyezve, basa inogona anoitwa electrodes akawanda. Zvinokosha kuteerera chokwadi kuti nzira iyi inogona kuderedza kunzwisisa acho, mari chigadzirwa, uyewo simba rakawanda. To zuva Vanny nzira nomoto chisimbiso ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa uye hwakavimbika. Izvi imhaka yakaderera simba zvinodyiwa uye yepamusoro kubatana.

Welding kumanikidzwa (chikweshe)

Izvi mhando anonziwo chando nomoto. Chikonzero ndechokuti panguva kubatana hapana zvimwe kudziyisa ari kubatwa pamusoro. Nzira iyi inobva mapurasitiki deformation chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi pasi compression kana zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope. Basa kuitwa panguva dzekudya kana yakaderera tembiricha pasina diffusion. Nzira iri kuonekwa mumwe mukuru.

Special mano, kukonzera deformation of kupatsanurwa hukawanika anoshandiswa kuwana yepamusoro weld kuti zvinofanira kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo kucheneswa. Zvinoguma monolithic uye zvikuru yakasimba kubatana. Pane mhando dzakasiyana uye nzira nomoto (epurasitiki). Pari zvino pane vatatu: Spot, musono uye garo.

Cold nomoto inogona akabatana zvinhu zvakadai mhangura, kutungamirira, aruminiyamu, cadmium, simbi uye vamwe. The kupfuura nzvimbo epurasitiki nomoto kana zvakakodzera kuita basa pamwe dissimilar zvinhu, izvo achikurumidza kugumbuka kuti vakuchidzire.

Ichokwadi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti huru uye chinokosha zvinobatsira kwokudzvinyirira nomoto ndechokuti hazvisi zvakafanira kubatanidza ane simba tsime Magetsi kuti pre-muchidziisa pemvura. Uyezve, musono, nokudaro akawana, ndiyo hunogara kwete chete, asiwo homogeneous uye husingakwanisi ngura. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe zvainovhiringidzawo. Zvinosanganisira pakuti iwe unogona kushanda chete kumusoro ductility simbi. Nepo dzimwe nzira nomoto mutopota zvingashandiswa, nepo vamwe - kwete, uye tinofanira kushandisa utsotso. Izvi zvinoshandawo mvura mains uye gasi nemitsetse.

Kupatsanura pakati nomoto kwendangariro. ekisitenjeni

Roga, muitiro unobuda sezvinotevera. Parts kuti akabatana, akaisa pedyo napedyo kune mumwe. Pashure vaifudza ane simba tsime kupisa, izvo inonyunguduka basa zvidimbu.

Yakaumbwa simbi (pasina mamwe zvemaziso Migumisiro) inowedzerwa chakajairika weld dziva. Kana kupisa kupi yabviswa kubva weld nzvimbo, musono wacho dzaserera, nokuumba ine simba chaizvo ukama yacho iiswe simbi. The chikuru dambudziko iri kuti kupisa kunobva inofanira kuva mukuru simba uye tembiricha. Somuenzaniso, nokuti mashandiro pamwe simbi, kukanda simbi kana ndarira vanoda mudziyo pamwe tembiricha muna 3 zviuru Celsius. Kana kudzikisa nhamba nemaune, chakanamwa nomoto kuita anowira zvinoshamisa, uye muitiro achava isashande.

Kupatsanura Fusion nomoto nzira, zvichienderana kupisa kunobva pane zvinotevera:

• Arc nomoto. Sezvo kupisa kunobva ndiyo wemagetsi chinhu chakakombama rinopfuta pakati electrode uye basa chimedu.
• Plasma nomoto. Kupisa kunobva - compressed yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama. Therethrough pane refu velocity (supersonic) iri kunatswa gasi iyo anowana Zvivako zviri plasma.
• Electroslag - simbi iri neshungu nokuda yakaumbwa zvinoyerera kuburikidza iyo Magetsi Rwako.
• Erekitironi danda nomoto - kudziyisa rinoitwa kinematic simba pamusoro maerekitironi. Vanotanga vari Vacuum pasi pokudzora wemagetsi munda.
• Laser nomoto rinoitwa nevanhu muchidziisa simbi kuburikidza Manyiminya danda riri quantum jenareta. In dungwerungwe ichi nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona kuva chiedza kana michini.
• Gas nomoto - kunyunguduka mushonga pamusoro nokuda combustion gasi-yakachena nezvakasanganiswa.

Arc nomoto uye mhando yayo

Pari, chinonyanya kukosha kuti maindasitiri mazhinji ndiko chinhu chakakombama nomoto. Kana nhamba kwezvivako zviripo, basa kuti unyanzvi, uyewo nhamba mishonga, zvadaro nenzira yakadaro kubudisa yepamusoro welds achitungamirira yose nyika. Ngationei zvinhu nzira chinhu chakakombama nomoto. To musi, pane zvakawanda.

Rakajairika ndiyo zvaitika nomoto. Chaizvoizvo Its iri yokuti vamwe kufamba vari zvoga opareta. Somuenzaniso, pomugove electrode wayo kufamba nenzira musono vari pasina kupindira kwevanhu akaita (kusiyana Semi-zvaitika muoti). Izvi zvakanaka pakuti weld uhwu yauinayo kuwedzera zvishoma, uye njodzi yokukuvadzwa ipfupi. Anowanzoshandiswa unodzivirira gasi izvo zvinodiwa kudzivirira oxidation uye nitriding weld panguva kuchera.

Panewo Chinyorwa nomoto, riri kuti utsotso unopinza kuonana uye fadza chinhu chakakombama (vasiri consumable electrode). Mushure filler zvinhu zviri neshungu uye yakanyauka, zvinoitika bhati vakazochinja anosika musono. Zvakakodzera achiteerera ndechokuti electrode Welding nzira vachishandisa yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama Classified akawanda rwokugadzira zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, musi mhando gasi inoshandiswa (active kana inert), ukuru Mechanisation (manual, automatic, etc.) uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko pamusoro Chinyorwa chinhu chakakombama nomoto

Takatodzidza kukurukurwa zvavo nemashoko nheyo kuwana welded muhudyu mune Chinyorwa nzira. Ngatitarisei muudzame panguva ino. To musi, pane nzira Chinyorwa riemukaari nomoto, mumwe nomumwe iri rakasiyana yazvo nenzira. Somuenzaniso, dzakawanda electrodes angashandiswa pakuitika: kubvunda uye non-consumable. Kana yechipiri mhando anosarudzwa kuti weld kubatana yakaitwa sezvinotevera: Edge kushandisirwa mumwe, uye graphite kana kabhoni electrode Zvinounza kubatwa nomumativi kusika chinhu chakakombama. Zvinoguma nemvura iyo solidifies pashure imwe nguva uye anoumba weld. Nzira iyi ndiyo inonyanya akakodzera kuti kushandiswa nevasiri ferrous nesimbi dzavo alloys, uye rinoshandiswawo nokuda nomoto.

Imwe nzira ndeyokushandisa imwe consumable electrode chaiwo pakuuyiwa. Nzira iyi inogona kunzi chaiwo, maererano Chinyorwa nomoto, sezvazvakaita rakajairika uye rinoshandiswa kwenguva yakareba. Musiyano chete kubva nzira pamusoro apa iri ndechokuti electrode sezvainonyauswa pamwe pemvura. Zvinoguma vanowanzochema kugeza, izvo anoomesa pashure kubviswa chinhu chakakombama kuumba yepamusoro weld. Pakusarudza nomoto nzira kunobva zvikurukuru ezvinhu, zvinhu, akafanana, uye zvakawanda.

Vamwe dzinokosha

Tataura dzinokosha nzira nomoto. Vari conventionally mapoka mapoka matatu: chando uye kupisa gasi. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzimwe nguva mashoko anokosha nzira kuwana vagari kushandiswa. Tinoda nayo kana totaura reactive nesimbi dzavo alloys. Zviya, zvinhu izvi zviri kuwedzera kushandiswa kuvaka nokuda kuvaka dzinonetsa zvikamu. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, basa rinoitwa yakaderera okisijeni tigutsikane uye senitrogen mudenga, uye tsime inofanira kuva mukuru tembiricha. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiyo plasma uye danda nomoto. Kana yechipiri, anokonzera danda akafanana CRT uye ane voltage vanenge 30-100 KV.

Zvikuru kuoma uye kunakidza panyaya kuwana unhu kubatana yeplasma nomoto. Rayo zvazviri, tine zvishoma kunzwisisa. Mukuita pane anokosha features, akadai conductivity kuti Magetsi plasma. The gasi akaita plasma, kuwedzera ayo chikuru basa uyewo inodzivirira musono kubva oxidation uye nitriding. Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti zvakakodzera Kuteerera unyanzvi, asi pane zvimwe zvavasingakwanisi kuita. Somuenzaniso, simba wedzerai anofanira kuva voltage anopfuura 120V, uye installation zvinodhura chaizvo uye zvakaoma.

mhedziso

Pano tichibata chokuti nomoto kwakadaro. nomoto nzira dzakasiyana. Kazhinji, basa harisi chete kuwana yepamusoro kune opareta, asiwo musono simba kuti huchadzivisa zvokuimba kushushikana kwenguva yakareba. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti Welding electrode Somuenzaniso, consumable kana kwete. Uyezve, kuti zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvinogona siyana zvichienderana vanatenzi unyanzvi. Mumwe zviri nyore kuti tiite basa nomoto kuruboshwe, munhu - zvakanaka.

Kunyange zvinhu nomoto nzira mavharuvhu kunofanira kuitwa maererano nemirayiridzo. Bvumiranai, zvaisazova zvakanakisa, kana partition achazadzwa kumusoro chete nokuti ndiri weredha faked uye akasarudza kuponesa zvishoma.

To musi, vose zvikuru zvinozivikanwa mhando kunzwisisa uye anodhura gadziriro mukomboni. Izvi imhaka zvinoverengeka. Chekutanga, zvekushandisa mberi inoenda kuti hazviiti nguva dzose kushandisa echoto nomoto nokuda fragility yechivako chacho. Chechipiri, edza kuwana yepamusoro weld kuti haadimbuki panguva refu simba uye vibratory zvinorema. Izvi zviri nyore kuwana, kunyanya paunoverenga kuti kurohwa nehana uye vibration - chinonyanya kukosha vavengi weld rwakashodoka. Asi nomoto ano (nomoto nzira) kunoramba kuri nani, kuva itsva uye nzira itsva nzira kwokungosimbisa uye achisimba uye yepamusoro majoini.