Wrangel Island Nature Reserve, iyo nzvimbo pamepu kweRussia, okunze, nzvimbo. Fauna uye Maruva Wrangel Island

Nhasi tichava nyika Wrangel. chitsuwa ichi unofadza zvikuru. It remuSamoa kutsvaka Russian mufambi, uye akazarura Briton uye German. Ipapo chitsuwa matongo aiva "mboni kupesanisa" pakati Soviet Union neUnited States. Nyika akapoteredzwa ngano. Pane kunyange pfungwa kuti mumwe mapoka kwakavanzika Gulag raiva pano. Asi kunyange pasina utongi nyika mumusasa zvakanga zvinouraya vanhu. Hakuna mumwe polar akafa. Nhasi chiwi inoramba katyamadza masayendisiti mutsva shamisa matongo. Sezvo chitsuwa rakaumbwa, chii aripo kusunungurwa, mamiriro okunze, kasvisto uye fauna of - ona nyaya ino.

Wrangel Island pamepu

Uyu kumbonyanya guru nzvimbo munyika. nharaunda yayo manomwe uye chiuru hafu mativi makiromita, uye yakawanda iri kufukidzwa nemakomo. Chitsuwa iri mu kweArctic Ocean. Kunyange nyore nzvimbo munyika Wrangel atova nhema kusiyana kwayo. Zviri Watershed pakati miviri makuru maviri mvura yomugungwa, muganhu pakati chukchi uye East Siberian makungwa zvakasikwa. Uye musi Wrangel Island inopfuura panosangana pakati Eastern uye Western hemispheres nyika yedu. zana rimwe namakumi masere Meridian, vanonzi "Date Line" anokamura nzvimbo munyika anenge zvakaenzana nhengo. On hwokumusoro kwemhenderekedzo Chukotka, chitsuwa anosiiwa kanenge 140 makiromita mvura - Long Strait. Kubvira 1976, nyika ino iri yakazivisa hunhu chengetedza. Wokupedzisira mugari akafa muna 2003. Kubvira ipapo, pane kurarama masayendisiti chete polar. Administratively pachitsuwa ndohwaJehovha Chukotka zvionera District (Iultinsky District).

History yakawanikwa

With chivimbo tinogona kutaura kuti nyika Wrangel kutanga vawana Paleo-eskimo. Sei kuratidza matongo Zvakafukunurwa kunze mumupata inonzi Dhiyabhorosi, vanhu vakarega pano musasa matatu nehafu makore chiuru akapfuura. vatsvakurudzi Russian akaudza ariko kunyika iri kure Umkilir ( "chitsuwa polar unobereka") chukchi. Asi zvakatora makore mazana maviri asati ari yakanyarara pamhenderekedzo uye nelaskovy netsoka European. Kwenguva refu pachitsuwa kwainzi chete yakanaka chukchi ngano. Mumakore ake 1820-1824 remuSamoa vakatsvaka Russian aiongorora uye yokutungamirira Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel. Muna 1849, aiongorora uye mufambi kubva UK Genri Kellett akatarira kuburikidza teresikopu, zvidimbu zviviri munyika muGungwa chukchi. Akawana zita navo pashure pachake uye chikepe chake Herald. Saka pakanga "Kellett Land" uye chitsuwa Herald (Papera Wrangel Island) panyika mepu. Asi handizvo zvose adventures ose chikamu chedu munyika dzakapoteredzwa pagungwa.

Sei chakawanikwa zita kuremekedza Wrangel

The chitsuwa kwainzi vasingazivi vokuEurope (pfungwa pamusoro chukchi Umkilir haana kumbofunga nezvarwo). Kodzero akawana chomumwe munhu asina chete kuona pamahombekombe kure tichibatsirwa teresikopu, uye akafambira pariri netsoka dzake. Raiva mushambadzi wokuGermany Eduard Dallmann, yaiitisa mushambadzi kwema pamwe vagari Chukotka uye Alaska. Asi akanga kure nemafungiro kamwe akashanyira akavadana nyika. Kwapera gore, muna 1867-m, whaler Thomas Long kubva America akasvika pachitsuwa. By muumhizha, murume uyu akashinga aiva muongorori, aiziva zvakawanda pamusoro kutsvaka F. P. Vrangelya. Saka, akaona uye zita pachitsuwa inomutevera. The nzvimbo kwakanga kusina murume kumativi 14 okuberekwa. Muna 1881, pazvitsuwa Wrangel uye Harold akauya American chikepe. Zvaiita kuti nhengo polar rwendo, De Long, akaenda kukunda North Pole muna 1879 mune "Jeannette" uye kushayiwa. Captain Kelvin Huper akasvika pachitsuwa chikwata. Nepo varume vakanga vachitsvaka, hapana kungoda zvisipo mukuru vachisimudza US mureza pamahombekombe. The chitsuwa akatumidza New Colombia.

zvitsuwa Education

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, Russia, uye United States hurumende vakanga vasinganyanyi kufarira muridzi vaviri rarasika kweArctic Ocean Sushi chinyorwa. Mafungiro Izvi zvakaita kuti avo "kure" Geographic coordinates. Wrangel Island, Somuenzaniso, westernmost iri rezvitsuwa zviduku, iri pakati 70 ° uye 71 ° rwokumusoro Latitude. Kureba zvakafanana achitevedza Meridian panzvimbo ino chete nemamwe: kubva 179 ° W. d. kusvika 177 ° c. d. The rezvitsuwa riri pedyo chaizvo kwete chete kubva North America asiwo Asia. Izvi ndizvo zvose zvakasara kamwe huripo zambuko pakati makondinendi maviri, uko Bering Strait haisati adziviswa navo. Saka, zviri chitsuwa Mainland mavambo. Uye ndokusaka vari anonziwo Beringia. nzvimbo iyi yakanga asina chando mazera, uye panguva kwepasi chacho haana kuenda pasi pemvura. Izvi wakachengeta pasi Wrangel zvinoshamisa kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Zapolyarnoe mboni kupesanisa

With Pazvinotanga remakore rechimakumi maviri, uye pamwe remakore indasitiri, vose musarudzo vakazivisa kodzero dzavo yezvitsuwa. Pashure pezvose, zvisinei apo Wrangel Island, anorarama kana pane munhu, uye kana zvichiita kuti tiite zvoupfumi mabasa. Miganhu vakavakidzana rinoti vari zvava kumabvazuva nokumavirazuva azvaitwa, kana mumwe munhu anowana makabata yezvitsuwa. Mumatsutso 1911 wokuRussia hydrographic rwendo pamusoro mudziyo "Vaigach" tikamira pamusoro Wrangel Island uye akamutsa Russian mureza pamusoro payo. Muzhizha 1913 brigantine Canadian "Karluk" akanga nipped uye rakamanikidzwa kukukurwa kurutivi Bering Strait. Part of chikwata yakawira pachitsuwa Gerald nevamwe - hombe bato - pa Wrangel. Maviri nhengo rwendo rakasvika guru nyika (Alaska), asi kununura bato akauya nhamo chete muna September 1914.

Kukura rezvitsuwa

Muna 1921, vokuCanada akasarudza "danda kubva" boka rezvitsuwa muGungwa chukchi. Pashure pezvose, yakapa mamiriro mukana hove uye whaling panguva Mahombekombe dzavo. Asi Vagari zvina polar uye mumwe Inuit vakadzi kutanga atambura chando (vapona chete Ada Blackjack). Ipapo vokuCanada muna 1923 akaumba mbiru yechipiri. On Wrangel Island akauya geologist Charles Wells gumi Eskimos, pakati pavo vakadzi uye navana. Sezvo kugadzirwa kwezvokudya aidaro vavhimi nyanzvi, vanobva kubudirira vapone chando. Asi nehurumende USSR akatuma nemahombekombe pachitsuwa aizi "Red October", vakapakata pfuti. chikwata chake Vagari nechisimba ndokusimudza mungarava uye vakazvitora kuti Vladivostok, apo paya extradited kunyika yokumusha kwake. Somugumisiro rwendo urwu, vana vaviri vakaurayiwa.

Wrangel Island nderedu!

Sei kuva "mudzimba" pakupedzisira? Kunyange ipapo Wrangel Island pamepu kweRussia, hurumende haangazorori kusvikira hakuna Nokubvumira colonists Russian. Muna 1926 zvakanzi hwasimbiswa polar yemapurisa, izvo akatungamirirwa mutsvakurudzi G. Ya. Ushakov. Naye agere mumwe mumisha 59 of chukchi Chaplin uye Providence. Muna 1928, ngarava inopwanya aizi "Litke" kwakauya wokuUkraine wenhau Nikolai Trublaini. Ane kakawanda mumabhuku ake (akadai se "Nzira kweArctic kuburikidza dzinopisa") akarondedzera Wrangel Island wayo kuenzana runako. The mumapurazi vaifanira kuva pose pose muSoviet Union uye Far North ndozvakaitikawo. Reindeer nokupfuwa mupurazi rehurumende rakaumbwa muna 1948 - kwaizvozvi vakauya duku renguruve kubva yakaoma. Uye 70s vakanga akasuma muskox pamwe Nunivak Island. Kunyange nendimi zvakaipa uye kuti inobva rezvitsuwa ndechimwe gulag mumisasa, hachisi chokwadi. Misha Ushakovskoe, Perkatkun, Star uye musha. Cape Schmidt kugarwa kana vatsvakurudzi kana madzinza chukchi.

kudzivirirwa Nyika

Muna 1953 zviremera vakasarudza kudzivirira uye walrus rookeries navo pazvitsuwa maviri muGungwa chukchi. Makore manomwe gare gare, Magadan Oblast Executive Committee yakatangwa chisarudzo kwayo Wrangel Island Reserve. Gare gare (1968) akanga pabasa chinzvimbo. Asi izvi hazvina kumisa hurumende yeSoviet. Nature kuchengeterwa rudzi kukosha muna 1976 akarega kupinda hunhu kuchengeterwa "Wrangel Island". The mapazi ichiri anodzivirirwa pasi RSFSR Council of Vashumiri chirevo pasi nhamba 189 yaMarch 23, 1976. Muuzhinji kuchengeterwa rokuremekedza - kwete typo. Waiva pasi kuchengetedzwa, uye chitsuwa pedyo pamusoro Herald, uye vanenge mamiriyoni 1,43 hectares mvura nzvimbo. Sezvineiwo kuchengetedza zvakasikwa ari chaizvo kwakaita kuti matambudziko mukupera kuma1990. Vazhinji vanogara vakaendeswa huru, nekuti pakange pasina yokununura zvokudya uye mafuta. Wokupedzisira aivamo Vasilina Alpaun vauraya Bheya rakamira pachando muna 2003. Uye muna 2004 muzvitsuwa maviri akabatanidza UNESCO World Heritage List.

rubatsiro

Wrangel Island Map zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi nyika zvikuru yemakomo. Three anenge neiyi cheni - Northern, Middle uye Southern anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri - usiyane mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mawere. The yakakwirira - Mount Soviet - kusvika 1096 metres pamusoro pegungwa. It iri rinenge pakati chitsuwa. Low North Ridge inofambidzana waterlogged nebani rinonzi Tundra Academy. Nebani echitsuwa chacho dzinobviswa ne lagoons. Kune munyanza zhinji uye nenzizi. Asi pano hove dzavo hauwanikwi. Nemhaka noutsinye okunze, reservoirs izvi kuburikidza yechando Ndinoda. Zvisinei, kudziya kwepasi ndiko oneka pano. Mumakore achangopfuura, mumuromo rwizi vakatanga kushingaira mberi zviri kukonzera shoals Sarimoni. Matombo uye Zapolyarnoe nzvimbo pachitsuwa akasika nhevedzano naNeta mazitombo echando.

Climate Wrangel Island

Polar usiku pano anouya gumi November rechipiri uye vanogamuchira zuva anoratidzwa panoperera January. Chiedza haridzimi mhiri jengachenga kubva mid-May rechitatu gumi July. Asi kunyange chokwadi chokuti zuva nguva dzose rikasabuda Wrangel Island, haapi kupisa yomunharaunda zhizha. Temperature kunyange July haapfuuri +3 ° C. Kakawanda rakanaya chando, pfunha uye bvungapfunga. Chete zvisinganzwisisiki kupisa kwezhizha 2007, lämpömittari Akakwakuka +14,8 ° C (mu August). Winters vari chaizvo chena chando, pamwe kakawanda blizzards. Rency kunyanya February uye March. The tembiricha panguva ino kwevhiki dzakawanda rukasafashukira pamusoro pachiyero -30 ° C. Cold mhepo makore kubva Arctic murefu zvishoma unyoro. Asi pamwe North Pacific zhizha dziri kuvhuvhuta mhepo nyoro.

Flora

Gorodkov, uyo akadzidza muna 1938 chirimwa butiro kumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva munyika Wrangel Island aiti kuti mapazi ose peArctic mumarenje. Humwe kudzidza nemiti chakaita masayendisiti kufunga kuti ndima yayo uvete mapazi ose polar achinaya mvura. Uye kuva chaiwo chaizvo, asi kupatsanura riri sezvinotevera: Wrangel Subprovince Western American peArctic achinaya mvura wongoramba. Flora akasiyana yekare mhando sezvamunoita. Three muzana chirimwa - subendemics. Poppy ichi Gorodkova, puccinellia, oxytrope Wrangel nevamwe. Pari, wakaratidza kuti uwandu endemic mhando Wrangel Island iri unmatched mune polar mapazi. Kuwedzera kune miti izvi, izvo zvinowanikwa pano chete uye kumwe munyika, ari kuchengeterwa kukura kupfuura zana isingawanzowanikwi kwemarudzi.

fauna of

Utsinye okunze hazvifariri mumwe rudzi kusiyana. Pachitsuwa hapana zvachose hapana amphibians, nezvinokambaira uye Freshwater hove. Asi Wrangel Island, ane pikicha iri kashoma wakakwana pasina chena bere iri nechekumberi, anobata rekodhi kuti arambe achirema mhuka idzi. Judge woga; imwe nzvimbo anenge manomwe chiuru hafu mativi makiromita pamwe nemapere mana. Uye izvi pasingaverengwi vanhurume uye vaduku! Kuti unonzi wakarurama chukchi Chiwi - Umkilir. Uyezve, vanhu mhuka iyi kuwedzera gore negore. Polar nebere - huru muridzi chacho. Kunze naye vari kuunzwa caribou uye muskox. Summer anoisa mhepo kubva yakaoma nyuchi, kungozvifunga, nhunzi uye mosikito. Nyika shiri pachitsuwa ane anenge 40 marudzi. Of nemakonzo ndiyo endemic Wrangel Lemming. Mukuwedzera nemabheya nezvimwe zvikara zvinowanika: polar gava, mhumhi, gava, wolverine, ermine. Yomunharaunda walrus rookery - makurusa kuRussia.

rakasiyana kuwanikidza

Pakati pezana remakore kuma1990, kuchengeterwa "Wrangel Island" akazviratidza ari pamapeji pamberi magazini yesayenzi. Uye zvose nokuda paleontologists vakawana dzasara mammoths pano. Asi zvakanga zvakakosha kuwana pachake, uye zera rake. Zvakaitika kuti chitsuwa akafukidzwa hobvu bvudzi, nzou izvi vakararama uye nguva dzose matatu chiuru hafu makore akapfuura. Asi zvinozivikanwa kuti nemapoka akafa makore anopfuura zviuru gumi apfuura. Ko isu tine? Apo Greece yakanga ndakajeka Mycenaean budiriro, uye akatonga muIjipiti Farao Tutankhamun, musi Wrangel Island nemapoka famba mupenyu! Zvisinei, mumwe subspecies zvomunharaunda dzinosiyana uyewo zvishomanana kuwedzera - kukura munhu ano African nzou.