Yakakurumbira mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu

A-siyana mupfungwa kuedza, masayendisiti atanga kare pezana remakore rechi19. Wrong ndivo avo vanonyatsodavira kuti basa Guinea nguruve muzvidzidzo izvi hunogara chete nemhuka. Vakwikwidzi, uye dzimwe nguva vanhu vakava vanhu kuedza kakawanda. Imhandoi kuedza vakava kumamiriyoni, vose vakaburukira pasi munhau? Funga mazita kupfuura acclaimed.

Psychological kuedza: Albert uye negonzo

Chimwe chezvinhu dzichipesana miedzo wekupedzisira remakore rakaitirwa naJohane Watson muna 1920. Izvi zvakabatanidzwa mujinga purofesa maitiro nezvemaitiro zvepfungwa, chose nguva yakawanda kuti kudzidza hunhu phobias. Psychological kuedza zvinoitiswa Watson, kunyanya akarondedzera Kuongorora vacheche mupfungwa.

Imwe nhengo kutsvakurudza ake aiva nherera mukomana, Albert, uyo akanga 9 chete mwedzi pakutanga kuedza. In muenzaniso wake, purofesa akaedza kuratidza kuti phobias vakawanda kuitika vanhu vachiri vaduku. Chinangwa chake chaiva kuti Alberta ruzivo nokutya pamberi jena gonzo ane mwana ainakidzwa achitamba.

Kufanana dzakawanda mupfungwa kuedza, kushanda pamwe Albert akatora nguva yakareba. Kwemwedzi miviri, mwana akaratidza chena gonzo, uye ipapo anoratidza zvinhu nemaziso akafanana nayo (donje, tsuro chena, rakagadzirwa nevanhu ndebvu). Ipapo mwana aibvumirwa kudzokera mitambo yavo negonzo. Pakutanga, Albert akanga asingatyi uye wakadzikama kushamwaridzana nayo. Zvinhu zvakachinja apo Watson panguva mitambo vake nechikara vakatanga kurova nenyundo ari simbi zvigadzirwa, zvichikonzera ruzha thud shure nherera.

Somugumisiro, Albert akanga achitya kubata negonzo, kutya harisati rapera kunyange pashure pacho chakaparadzaniswa mhuka kwevhiki. Akati zvakare akatanga kuratidza shamwari akwegura, akasvimha misodzi. A zvakafanana sei apo mwana vakaratidza chimiro zvinhu, akafanana nemhuka. Watson akakwanisa dzidziso yake, asi phobia vakagara Albert hwose.

chinorwisa rusaruraganda

Chokwadi, Albert - handiyo chete mwana uyo akapfeka utsinye mupfungwa kuedza. Mienzaniso (nevana) kutungamirira nyore Somuenzaniso, chiitiko kuitwa muna 1970, Dzheyn Elliott, inonzi "Blue uye maziso mashava." mudzidzisi School, pasi pfungwa chigaro Martin Luther King, Jr., akasarudza kuratidza pamabasa avo zvinotyisa rusaruraganda uchidzidzira. Her experimental vaiva vadzidzi vekirasi rechitatu.

Akaputsa kirasi mapoka, ane nhengo dzaisarudzwa pahwaro ziso ruvara (brown, zvitema, girini), uye ipapo aida kurapa zvisvundu takangwaririra vana sezvo nhengo vakaderera rudzi, haana kukodzera ruremekedzo. Chokwadi, kuedza Takauyira mudzidzisi panzvimbo basa, vanhu yakanga dzinoronga. Tsamba vakatsamwa kumugariro mudzidzisi, vanhu vakanga vachikumbira, sei aigona iye kudaro tsitsi pamwe chena nevana.

mujeri chakagadzirwa

Zvinofadza kuti havasi vose anozivikanwa kwazvo mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu pakutanga pamuviri sezvo vakadaro. Pakati pavo kanoda inogarwa tsvakurudzo vashandi pana Stanford University, vakagamuchira zita "mujeri chokunyepera." Masayendisiti vari aisafanira kuedza sei zvinokuvadza ari psyche acha "mhosva" kuedza, kuitwa 1971, rakanyorwa Philip Zimbardo.

Kwepfungwa zvaireva kushandisa kutsvakurudza ake kunzwisisa patsika dzemunharaunda vanhu vakafirwa rusununguko rwavo. Kuti izvi zvidaro, akatora boka mudzidzi vanozvipira, zvinosanganisira 24 nhengo, ipapo akaikiya muimba yepasi iri zvepfungwa dhipatimendi, waiva kushumira somushumiri mhando mutorongo. Hafu dzevazvipira akatora basa vasungwa, vamwe akaita sevatariri.

Zvinoshamisa "vasungwa" Zvakatora vakasvimha nguva kunzwa sokuti musungwa chaiye. Chete yokudzidza vechikamu akazvipinza basa varindi, akatanga kuratidza chaiye hwakaipisisa, vanofunga kuwedzera kushungurudzwa kumawadhi avo. Zvakaitika aifanira kwaizombomiswa kwokutanga pane kurongwa kuti vadzivise kunotevera. vanhu vose vave mu "mujeri" pfuurei vhiki.

Boy kana musikana

Psychological kwakaita vanhu kazhinji vanoguma zvinosuruvarisa. Uchapupu iri inosuruvarisa nyaya mukomana anonzi David Reimer. Kuchangotanga, akavhiyiwa ane kundikana kushanda vekudzingiswa, somugumisiro iyo mwana anenge akarasikirwa mboro yake. Akatora mukana chiremba wepfungwa Dzhon Mani, uyo akarota kuratidza kuti vana hatiberekwi vakomana nevasikana, uye kuva nemhaka dzidzo. Akakurudzira vabereki kupa mvumo kuti kuvhiya vachinje bonde mucheche, uye ipapo kumubata somunhu mwanasikana.

Little David akanzi Brenda, makore 14 okuberekwa akanga asina kuudzwa kuti ari mumiririri vanhurume. In kuyaruka, mukomana chikafu estrogen, hormone aifanira Activate kukura mazamu. Tadzidza chokwadi, akatora zita Bruce akaramba vazvibate somunhu musikana. Sezvo vakuru, Bruce aiva akavhiyiwa akawanda, chinangwa rakanga kudzorera zvinhu chechikadzi.

Kufanana nedzimwe kuzivikanwa mupfungwa kuedza, uyu anotyisa nemigumisiro. Vamwe nguva Bruce aiedza kuvakazve upenyu hwavo, kunyange vana wake dzikabereka. Zvisinei, mupfungwa kunotevera kubva pauduku hwabudirira. Pashure kundikana kuedza murume kuzviuraya vachiri vakakwanisa kuzviuraya, akafa makore 38 ekuberekwa. Rakaparadzwa, uye noupenyu vabereki vake, vakanga vari kukanganiswa zviri kuitika mumhuri. The baba akava chidhakwa, mai vake uyewo akazviuraya.

Nature chokundandama

List mupfungwa kuedza, izvo vana vave vanofanira kuramba. Muna 1939, Purofesa Johnson, achitsigirwa vaMariya akapedza mudzidzi, akasarudza kuita inonakidza kudzidza. Scientist akaronga kuratidza kuti Nokundandama vana mhosva rokutanga panzvimbo vabereki uyo "vabvume" zvavo vana kuti vari vanokakama.

Kuitisa chidzidzo achaunganidzwa Johnson boka, rwaiumbwa vana vanopfuura makumi maviri kubva mudzimba dzevana. Vakwikwidzi zvakadzidziswa kuti vane zvinetso nokutaura, ndisipo kubva chokwadi. Somugumisiro, anenge ose vakomana vari pamusoro pacharo, akatanga kuti usagunzva vamwe, chaizvoizvo vakauya chokundandama. Chokwadi, pashure pakuguma kudzidza vana vakabatsira kubvisa kutaura matambudziko.

Makore akawanda gare gare, vamwe nhengo dzeboka kupfuura sei nezvinoitwa Professor Johnson, muripo guru mari inobhadharwa nokuda State of Iowa akanga paakavapa. Zvave vakaratidza kuti kuedza utsinye kwava kwavari kunobva chakakomba mupfungwa.

Zvakaitika Milgram raMwari

Panewo zvimwe zvinonakidza mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu. List hachizombokundikani rokuvandudza yakakurumbira tsvakurudzo, izvo rokupedzisira remakore yakanga Stenli Milgrem. Yale University kwepfungwa akaedza kuongorora zvinhu kushanda nesimba pasi mashandiro. The musayendisiti akaedza kufunga kana munhu anokwanisa zvechokwadi kuita uncharacteristic zviito, kana anoomerera munhu ari iye mukuru.

Vakwikwidzi of Milgram kuedza, ita vadzidzi venyu, kubata naye noruremekedzo. Imwe nhengo boka (mboni) vanofanira kupindura mibvunzo vamwe, rave akaita sevadzidzisi. Kana mudzidzi chakaipa, mudzidzisi akanga kumurova dzemagetsi ukapisa murwi, saka vakaenda kusvikira nyaya yapera. Panguva iyoyo raizondipa unyanzvi hunodiwa mutambi taitamba, mutambo nechirwere kugamuchira kuitika vachitova chii handina kuudzwa vamwe vadzidzi vari kuedza.

Kufanana nevamwe mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu, izvo akarongwa munyaya ino, chiitiko akatipa zvinoshamisa. Vadzidzi 40 muchirongwa kudzidza. 16 vavo chete akabvuma kudemba ari mutambi, uyo akabvunza kuti kurega kurova kukanganisa ano, vamwe vakaramba zvinobudirira kutanga kukwira pamisara mukuteerera hurongwa Milgram. Paakabvunzwa kuti chii chakaita kuti vatambure mweni, asingazivi kuti iye haasi kurwadziwa, vadzidzi havana kuwana mhinduro. Kutaura zvazviri, kuedza akaratidza rima divi evanhu.

tsvakurudza Landis

Waya uye zvakafanana zvakaitika Milgram mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu. Mienzaniso ongororo vakadaro pane vazhinji, asi zvikuru yakakurumbira akakwanisa kutenga basa Carney Landis chaiko shure 1924 .. Kwepfungwa vaifarira manzwiro evanhu, akaita dzakatevedzana kuedza, kuedza kuziva zvakafanana zvinoitwa kutaura vamwe manzwiro vanhu vakasiyana.

Vazvipiri akanga achinyanya vaiva vadzidzi, vane zviso ainyorwa misara dema, vachibvumira nani maonero kufamba tsandanyama dzechiso. Vadzidzi vakanga varatidza zvinonyadzisira zvinhu, vanovamanikidza sniff zvinhu rusununguko ine sembura kwakanaka, vakaisa maoko avo mudziyo izere matatya.

Danho yakaomesesa kuedza - kuuraya makonzo, izvo vatori vakarayirwa pachavo decapitate. Zvakaitika akapa zvinoshamisa zvabuda, uyewo dzimwe mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu, mienzaniso yauri kuverenga iye zvino. Inenge hafu dzevazvipira akanyatsoramba aite kurasa mapurofesa, ukuwo vamwe dzakakunda basa. vanhu munhuwo vasati akaratidza akurudzire anopisa mhuka, kuteerera mirairo mudzidzisi musoro chipenyu gonzo wacho. Zvisinei, kudzidza vaisagona kuziva chinangwa chiso kufamba zvinozivikanwa nevanhu vose, yakaratidza kwasviba divi evanhu.

Zvinotambudza ungochani

List of yakakurumbira mupfungwa kuedza zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kuedza utsinye, akaita muna 1966. Mumakore 60 kuti zvikuru mukurumbira vakawana Zvinotambudza ungochani, hazvina chakavanzika vanhu mumazuva iwayo, kurapwa kufarira chete pabonde nechisimba.

Kuedza kwakaitwa muna 1966 pamusoro boka revanhu vari vaifungidzirwa kuva ngochani. Vatori vechikamu nokusangana kumanikidzwa kuona zvinonyadzisira zvoungochani, apo kuvaranga nokuti nokuda magetsi discharges. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti chiito chakadaro vanofanira kuva vanhu mukupandukira hwepedyo kuonana pabonde yavo. Chokwadi, nhengo dzose dzeboka vakagamuchira mupfungwa kunotevera, mumwe wavo kunyange akafa, asingakwanisi kukurira zhinji yacho ano nenjodzi. Asingakwanisi kuona kuti sei kuita kwakaita dzidziso zvoungochani.

Teens nemidziyo

Psychological kwakaita vanhu vari pamba zvinowanzooneka kuisa, asi anozivikanwa chete tsama kuedza kwakadaro. Nokukurumidza sezvo ongororo makore mashoma apfuura, achida vechikamu vaiva vanhuwo kuyaruka. Vechikoro vakakumbirwa kuti maawa 8 mapfumo ano midziyo yose, kusanganisira neserura, tablet, TV. Muchiitiko chino, havana rambidzwa kubuda famba, verenga, kuzochera.

Other mupfungwa kuedza (kumba) haana kufadza ruzhinji sokukudza kudzidza ichi. The pakuongororwa akaratidza kuti 8-awa "kurwadziswa" akakwanisa kuraramisa matatu chete kuvashanu. The yasara 65 "wakaputsika", vakanga vachifunga pamusoro kusiya upenyu huno, vakasangana pamwe vhunduka. Vana chema zviratidzo zvakadai dzungu, kuda kurutsa.

munhu akangomira kushanda

Sezvineiwo, mukuru-Profile mhosva kunogona zvinovakurudzira masayendisiti kuitisa mupfungwa kuedza. mienzaniso chaiyo-nyika kuyeuka nyore Somuenzaniso, zvakaitika "munhu akangomira maturo", akarwira muna 1968 ne mapurofesa maviri. John Bibb uye dzakavhiringika panguva maitiro zvapupu vakawanda vaicherechedza kupondwa Kitti Dzhenoveze musikana. The mhosva yakakumikidzwa pamberi akawanda vanhu, asi hapana munhu haana kuedza kumisa muurayi.

John uye Bibb akakoka nevazvipiri vaifanira kupedza imwe nguva mune imwe vateereri pana Columbia University, achivavimbisazve kuti basa ravo kuti vazadze mapepa. Maminitsi mashomanana gare gare nzvimbo yakazadzwa noutsi hazvikuvadzi utano. Zvadaro, ndiye kuedza chaiitirwa neboka revanhu vakaungana mune imwe mukirasi. Uyezve, pane utsi vakashandiswa kunyora yokuchemera kubatsirwa.

Other mupfungwa kuedza, mienzaniso zvinopiwa munyaya, vakanga zvikuru utsinye, asi zvakaitika "munhu akangomira kwepasi" akaburuka munhau pamwe navo. Masayendisiti yakasimbiswa kuti munhu ari oga, zvikuru nokukurumidza tsvaka rubatsiro kana kukutsigira pane boka revanhu, kunyange kana rine mbiri chete kana vatatu nhengo.

Tifanane

In nyika yedu, kunyange nguva Soviet Union aidzidza kuziva mupfungwa kwakaita vanhu. Soviet Union - imwe nyika umo kwemakore akawanda yaiva tsika kwete kumira kubva muchaunga. Hazvishamisi, zvakaitika kuti nguva zhinji vakanga vakazvipira adzidze chido avhareji munhu kufanana vose.

Vechikamu rinonakidza mupfungwa yokutsvakurudza uye vave vana vemazera akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, rimwe boka 5 nevakomana vanokokwa kuedza mupunga Porridge, uko mafungire akanaka yose chikwata nhengo. vana Four taipiwa inotapira Porridge, uye ipapo kwakauya dzoro wechishanu nhengo, uyo akagamuchira chikamu shata munyu Porridge. Kana vana ava pavakabvunzwa kana aida mundiro, vakawanda vavo vakapa mhinduro kutsigira. Sezvo zvinoitika, nokuti mamwe masoja zvavo zvose pamberi akarumbidza Porridge, uye vana vaida kufanana vose.

Kufanorongwa kuzorwa navana uye dzimwe chaiwo mafungiro kuedza. Somuenzaniso, rimwe boka anoverengeka Vatori aida kudana dema chena chepiramidhi. Chete mwana akanga vakasanyeverwa pachine, akakumbirwa pamusoro ruvara matoyi okupedzisira. Pashure pokuteerera mhinduro neshamwari dzake dzakawanda unwarned vana vakati kuti mutema iri chena Pyramid, vachitevera nzira vazhinji.

Kuedza nezvikara

Zvechokwadi, kwete chete pane vanhu vari kuisa ainakidza mupfungwa kuedza. The mazita mukuru-Profile nemiedzo zvaisanganisira munyaya raisazova kwakakwana pasina kudoma zvakaitika tsoko inoitwa 1960. Kuedza akanzi "Source mwoyo", munyori wayo aiva Garri Harlou.

Musayendisiti kufarira dambudziko evanhu achisiya murume akanga kutsvaka nzira kuti vazvidzivirire kubva pairi. Muzvidzidzo zvake Harlow handina kushandisa vanhu uye tsoko, kana pane mhuru mhuka idzi. Vana vakatorwa kubva mai, vakavharirwa oga muchitokisi. Vechikamu pamusoro kuedza vakava chete mhuka vane pfungwa chisungo naye akanga asina mubvunzo.

Monkey mbongoro pakuda kwechiremba nyanzvi akapedza muchengeti kwegore, kwete kuwana zvishoma "chikamu" chekukurukurirana. Somugumisiro, vazhinji vevasungwa ava vakagadzira pachena kusakanganisika kwepfungwa. Musayendisiti akakwanisa kutsigira pfungwa yake yokuti kunyange mwana unofara haagoni kuchengetedza maitiro. Panguva ino, migumisiro yekuedza inoonekwa seisina basa. Muma makumi matanhatu, purofesa akawana tsamba dzakawanda kubva kuvatsigiri vezvipfuwo, asingazivi kuti akaita fighters nokuda kwekodzero dzehama dzedu dzechiduku dzakakurumbira.

Akawana kubatsirwa

Zvechokwadi, mamwe maitiro makuru epfungwa akaitwa pamhuka. Somuenzaniso, muna 1966, chiitiko chinotyisa chakapiwa, chinozivikanwa se "Kuwana kusabatsirika." Nyanzvi dzepfungwa Mark naSteve vakashandisa imbwa muzvidzidzo zvavo. Mhuka dzakange dzakavharwa mumakamuri, ndokubva vatanga kukuvadza nemubatsiro wekurova kwemazuva ano, izvo vakagamuchira pakarepo. Zvishoma nezvishoma, imbwa dzaiva nezviratidzo zve "kuwana rusununguko", izvo zvakaguma mukurapa kuora mwoyo. Kunyangwe mushure mekunge vatamirwa kuzarura masero, havana kutiza kubva kuhondo dziripo dziripo. Mhuka dzinofanirwa kutsungirira kurwadziwa, kugutsikana kwekusagadzikana kwayo.

Masayendisiti akawana kuti mufambiro wembwa muzviitiko zvakawanda hwakafanana nemafambiro evanhu vakaona kazhinji kukundikana mune imwe nyaya. Havasiwo vasingabatsiri, vakagadzirira kutsungirira nhamo yavo yakaipa.