Zvakarurama uri - chii? Arts uye Crafts uye mhando yayo

Arts uye Crafts - chikamu rakakura ounyanzvi kufukidza mabhora siyana rikava basa uye chakabatikana nokusika zvinhu utilitarian hunhu. Aesthetic pamwero zvigadzirwa zvakadaro kazhinji yakakwirira zvikuru. Collective izwi rinobatanidza zviviri hwemashiripiti - rwokugadzira uye kushongedzwa. Wokutanga rine zvinhu kushanda, wechipiri zvichiitirwa munoshongedza dzevanhu kwezvakatipoteredza.

Okugadzira zvinhu uye utility

Zvakarurama uri - chii? Kutanga, zviri zvinhu vane unhu vari pedyo zvinoyevedza manyorerwo, uye avo chinangwa iwayo siyana. Vases, nehari, nezvirongo kana anogadza yakaisvonaka China, uyewo dzimwe zvinogadzirwa vazhinji kushongedzwa yokutandarira, kicheni, dzekurara uye nevana makamuri. Vamwe zvinhu anogona kuva mabasa yepakutanga unyanzvi, uye zvisinei ndezvaiye muchikwata che rikashandiswa hwemashiripiti.

Wakafara zvezvinotaurwa mabasa

Zvakarurama uri - chii kubva pfungwa nemaonero tenzi? Rakaoma rokusika muitiro, kana nyore rwokugadzira yaigadzirwa nezvinhu hwaswedera? Zvechokwadi, ibasa ounyanzvi, akafanira chemhando rumbidzo. Utilitarian chinangwa chigadzirwa hakuiti zvitadzise dhigirii ayo. Arts uye Crafts - zvakawanda mabasa vemifananidzo uye vavezi vemabwe, vagadziri uye stylists. Kunyanya inoremekedzwa chete mabasa ounyanzvi vakasikwa chete kopi. Panguva iyoyowo, zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa series, vari semunhu matkamuistoja.

Kushongedza mumba

Arts uye Crafts - chii, kana isu funga izvozvo sezvo chikamu aesthetic zvinodiwa pamba? Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti zvigadzirwa zvose uye anoramba kumativi, vanoratidza vanofarira vanhu vari pedyo napedyo navo, somunhu anoedza kuti vakombe nezvinhu akanaka pachavo. Arts uye Crafts inopa mukana vashongedze imba, hofisi nzvimbo, mumwe kutandara nzvimbo. Pfungwa iri rwakabhadharwa kuna magadzirirwe zvivako vana.

Uye, pakupedzisira, vakashandisa unyanzvi - chii munzvimbo njere? kuratidzwa ichi, kuratidzira, nhumbi nemamwe zviitiko zvizhinji, vari kuda tsika. unyanzvi Fine uye rwokugadzira zvinhu uye kunowedzera padanho kukura kwevanhu, kunoita paumbwe ake aesthetic kuravira. Mukuwedzera, pakuongorora Exhibits kunosvika maonero. kuratidzwa nerimwe Zvakarurama uri - mumwe kujairirana voruzhinji nokubudirira itsva mumunda romubati zvakasikwa. zviitiko akadaro zvikuru kukosha pakudzidzisa kuchizvarwa chevechiduku.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Folk Arts and Crafts dzakatangira mumisha Russian. Vamwe nyore musha-akura rwokugadzira tenzi mhizha kazhinji semhosva zvigadzirwa ari category "Arts uye ounyanzvi". Muenzaniso wakanaka chevarwere Style ndiyo inonzi saka Dymkovo chitoyi - mavara cockerels, nhamba, zvishongo tsvuku nevhu.

Kubata midzi kare, aiva makore anopfuura mana. Paiva rekare zvavo unyanzvi zvinhu nokuda nyika yezororo "Whistler", apo yose hadzi yevagari lepilo yevhu miridzo nhasi muchimiro nehuku, makwai uye nemabhiza. Mhemberero rwakatora mazuva maviri.

Nokufamba kwenguva, mutambo chakarasikirwa zvarinoreva, uye zvavo-vakashandisa unyanzvi akaramba kutanga. Pari Dymkovo muri zvigadzirwa tenderera ari kugadzirwa sangano "Vyatka toyi". Products rakagara richidudzirwa yakafukidzwa jena uye kupenda inopenya vapfumi mavara,.

Graphic-unyanzvi uye ounyanzvi

Products norudzi uri yaro yepakutanga chimiro, sezvo mutemo, ndivo hwaro zvebhizimisi zvirongwa. Fairy-ngano mabhii afunga oushe Russian, anonyorwa zviri yakakurumbira Palekh mabhokisi, Zhostovo zviumbwe, yemapuranga Kokhloma zvigadzirwa. Vakashandisa art Russia nenzira dzakawanda, nharaunda mumwe yazvo mhindu, zvinobikwa vatenzi Russian vari kumusoro charehwa dzimwe vateresi.

"Kudiwa kunoita wedzerai" - mutsara uyu asingagoni nani inoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu mune zvavo unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira weRussia. Somuenzaniso, uri inoshanda gzhel Style rakakurumbira munyika emakore akawanda. The akakurumbira zvitema uye chena vases, ndiro, tea kofi richivira unobvumirwa mumusha ose, uye specimens anokosha kunyanya vari kuzvikudza vateresi. It achiri kujeka chii Zvakarurama unyanzvi - basa, nebasa kana unyanzvi okugadzira zvinhu. Kutaura zvazviri, chinhu chimwe nechimwe zvinoda vamwe Vachiedza kusika nayo, uye kana zvakakodzera kupa mufananidzo romubati ukoshi.

Arts uye Crafts kuvatarisira

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mifananidzo nyaya inogona akatendeukira kuchizvarwa chevechiduku. Of Kunyanya ukoshi ndivo zvigadzirwa nemaoko nevana. Chiripiripo yaingowanikwa vakomana nevasikana vane pre-kuchikoro zera, mano kufungidzira hwakakanyiwa nechido kuratidza zviri kutsi kwemwoyo yavo kumuka ounyanzvi. Kids Arts and Crafts rinomiririrwa vanodhirowa, plasticine Zvidhori, makadhibhokisi dzevanhu nhamba - ichi ndicho chaicho hwokudhirowa okugadzira zvinhu. Nhasi, zvose pamusoro Russia makwikwi, izvo zvinosanganisira "Painters" diki uye "vavezi vemabwe".

Contemporary Russian Zvakarurama unyanzvi

Photos, daguerreotypes, etchings, zvinyorwa, rinodhindira, uyewo mimwe mienzaniso yakawanda - kuri kunyorwa okugadzira zvinhu. Products anogona kuva akasiyana zvikuru. Muchiitiko chino, vose vakabatanidzwa kungova magariro upenyu pasi unoti - unyanzvi uye ounyanzvi. Basa munzvimbo ino vane mumwe zvavo maitiro. Hazvishamisi zvose unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira vakatora nemidzi yawo Russian kudunhu kumamisha. The chigadzirwa kunogona kurondwa Homegrown nyore uye pasina pretentiousness kuti dzimwe nguva kumbowanikwa mabasa ounyanzvi akanaka. Zvisinei, Folk muri pamwero zvakakwirira zvakakwana.

The Russian decoration uri chikamu zvoupfumi simba venyika. Pasi mazita huru zvataurwa chevarwere Arts and Crafts, izvo vakagamuchira kuzivikanwa dzakawanda uye vari aivigirwa pamusoro muindasitiri akamboona.

1. Lac Thumbnails pamusoro yemapuranga chawo (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo muri kupenda pamusoro simbi, Limoges enamels, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen muri mazita pamuti.
4. Gzhel, filimonovo chitoyi, Dymkovo chitoyi - uri mufananidzo pamusoro Ceramics.

Palekh

Palekh zvavo uri raanoziva akazviratidza pamusoro Russian nemasango, nemavhinga pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Unyanzvi lacquer muenzaniso yakabuda munzvimbo duku mumusha Ivanovo dunhu pasi zita Palekh. Fishing aiva kuenderera iconographic unyanzvi, iyo ine midzi muna pre-Petrine nguva. Gare gare, Palekh vanatenzi muchirongwa mufananidzo pakati ari Faceted Chamber of Moscow Kremlin, Novodevichy yemamongi, machechi Trinity-Segiyo Lavra.

The chimurenga kubva 1917 chakagumisa iconography, ivo vaimbi vakanga kubva basa. Muna 1918, Palekh unyanzvi nemhizha chikwata akasikwa, umo akapendwa yematanda ounyanzvi. Ipapo mhizha vakadzidza sei kuti pave mabhokisi ane paperi-mache maché uye kuonesa navo manyorero thumbnails uchishandisa chinyakare kamufananidzo kupenda rwokugadzira.

Muna 1923, lacquer miniatures vakanga wataurwa All-Russian zvokurima uye mumaindasitiri kuratidzwa, izvo vakagamuchira dhipuroma pamusoro 2nd dhigirii. Uye makore maviri gare gare, mabhokisi Palekh vakanga hwakaratidza muParis, panguva World Exhibition.

Kubudirira kujairika unyanzvi zvigadzirwa rava zvinovakurudzira pakusikwa masangano "Palekh Artists Union" uye "Palekh unyanzvi okudhindira" panguva Art Fund of USSR.

Fedoskino

With shoko iri vanosonganirana Russian lacquer kupenda pamwechete pendi yakavakirwa mafuta-. Kubata akazviratidza mumusha pedyo Moscow Fedoskino yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18. Figure rinoshandisirwa zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa paperi-mache maché, uye ipapo varnished akawanda akaturikidzana.

Tanga iwe Fedoskino miniatures akaisa Russian mushambadzi PI Korobov, akanga ari muguta wokuGermany Braunschweig, uye kudzidza pane unyanzvi kuti pave yemumhino bisernits, mabhokisi uye nezvimwe zvinhu yakashongedzwa mifananidzo yakanaka.

mafuta pendi Fedoskino iri nechepadivi matanho mana: wokutanga pepa rehurukuro richiswedera ( "zamalevok") akateverwa hwakadzama kudzidza ( "peremalovka"), mumwe kuri pachimedu - läpinäkyvä pendi unhani, ekupedzisira muitiro - blikovka achitumira pfungwa uye mimvuri mumufananidzo.

Fedoskinskya richiswedera chidobi hunosanganisira kushandiswa tichifungisisa rukoko podkrasochnogo zvinoriumba: goridhe foil, resimbi upfu kana potal. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, tenzi anogona kuita lining yacho nacre. Transparent lessirovochnomu pendi pamwe lining kusika rakasiyana mugumisiro zvakadzama Naiwo mufaro. Pendi rukoko runosimbiswa dema background.

Mstera

Saka akadana Russian chevarwere raanoziva, yakabuda pakati pezana remakore rechi18 zviri Vladimir Province. Zvakatanga ne "tsamba zvamangamanga" - duku mifananidzo ine kuratidzwa zvose. Mushure 1917 chimurenga, kana havachaoni chikonzero iconography, Mstera akatamira mabhokisi uye paperi-mache maché. Figure rinoshandiswa tempera pendi, hwakakanyiwa zai yolks. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi20 pakupedzisira kuumbwa zvemichina Mstera lacquer miniatures.

The chikuru Misimboti mufanidzo anoshandurwa pamwe vaiita mumatunhu tracings pamusoro pemvura chigadzirwa, achiteverwa "roskrysh" nokushandisa zvakananga muenzaniso. Akatevera Danho - hwakadzama kupenda. Uye pakupedzisira, "Plavi" - yokupedzisira kupenda pamwechete blikovkoy dzine yanyungudiswa goridhe (yakaisvonaka upfu). The rakapedzwa chigadzirwa zvinenge zvakazara ine läpinäkyvä varnish kuti akaturikidzana mitanhatu zvenguva kuomesa uye ipapo yakabwinyiswa.

Mamirire zviratidzo Mstiorskya kupenda - a Decorative makapeti, munhu anokunyengedzera kutamba mavara uye nhatu ruvara zvirongwa akashandiswa coloring: yeyero ocher, tsvuku uye sirivha-mutema. richiswedera Misoro klassiske: rengano, munhoroondo pazvivako, mapurani.

Zhostovo

Vanhu hove Zhostovo - resimbi zviumbwe, dzakapendwa mune chaiyo maitiro. Zhostovo uri dzakatangira kwezana remakore rechi19, mumisha iri yeko kuti Trinity muMoscow. Vagari vemisha matatu (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo uye Khlebnikovo) mubasa gadzira nyaya zvakagadzirwa kupendwa paperi-mache maché. Uye Studio Vishnyakov hama dzakatanga kuita zviumbwe kugadzirwa gaba ane muenzaniso zvinonakidza.

Vishnjakova wekunge zvaisanganisira maviri dhazeni zvigadzirwa dzakasiyana simbi uye paperi-mache maché, vakange kupendwa zvose, zvakaisvonaka yakashongedzwa uye pamatunhu kudiwa dzimwe nhumbi, apo ari nechekumberi agara kupendwa tireyi.

Zhostovo kupenda - ine maruva dingindira mushanduro dzakawanda: mumwe bouquet yokumunda maruva "vraskidku" Chiremba rakarukwa korona. Wild zvirimwa vakaumba yoga sezvamunoita.

Flowers pamusoro tireyi kutarisa dzinongoitika nokuda kunyatsodzidza zvidiki. The palette mavara nokushandiswa kunonyanyisa saturation. Background iri kazhinji dema, vari yakashongedzwa ane openwork tireyi unopinza mapatani, miriwo kana stylized huni mamiriro. Zhostovo tireyi anogara kupendwa noruoko uye ndiro basa chete iwe.

Khokhloma

zita iri rakapiwa Russian chevarwere raanoziva, Munotatamura shure mangwanani remakore rechi17. Khokhloma kupenda ndicho kunzwisisa uye kudhura kwezvinhu zvose zviripo nzira. Artistic Crafts - chinhu refu okusika kwacho chokuita kubudiswa huni, multi-rukoko lähikuva uye coloring nemafuta.

Kugadzira muitiro kunotanga Kokhloma mukugadzira preforms. Chokutanga, tenzi vakarova thumb, kureva kolyat demo emapuranga zvinogumbura. Ipapo workpiece iri machine psac kune aida ukuru uye chimiro. Kupatsanurwa workpiece inonzi "yerineni". Mushure vachikuya bhachi yavo inokosha mura nevhu uye waoma. Zvadaro kare primed amboita zvinenge zvakazara vanoverengeka akaturikidzana mafuta linseed pamwe zvenguva kuomesa. Izvi zvinoteverwa gaba yakanamirwa pamifananidzo kana vachidzipukuta pemvura aruminiyamu upfu, pashure izvo chigadzirwa jena-specular ruvara. Panguva iyi zviri takagadzirira kupenda.

Primary mavara Khokhloma - zviri vatema uye tsvuku (dema uye cinnabar), chikamu wependi: goridhe, mashava, chiedza girini yellow. Mumakwenzi vachishandisa matete chaizvo (akaita chete kuti tsindi miswe), sezvo aishanda Kurohwa nepaburi oneka ikabatwa.

Case richiswedera kugutsikana - Rowan michero, Viburnum, mastrawberry, zviduku mashizha, mutete, zvishoma curved mitema madzinde. wakavhomorwa mavara All inopenya, zvikuru, kuti contours vanozivikanwa zvakajeka. The mufananidzo inovakwa panheyo kusiyana.

Gzhel

Ndiwo inonyanya kufarirwa zvavo raanoziva, zvetsika Russian kugadzirwa centre romubati Ceramics. It ane nzvimbo yakakura nharaunda rine mumisha 27 pasi zita Gzhel gwenzi 60 chete kubva Moscow.

Gzhel nzvimbo emakore akanga deposits nomukurumbira dzakakwirira wegiredhi nevhu ikodzere mishonga nhumbi. Muna 1770 Gzhel Township nyika vakatumirwa wezvinonhuhwira murayiro. Zvadaro muna Gzhel musha akasimbisa kugadzirwa pazvidhinha, kuumba, zvikwepa, chitofu usina kukonekita uye matoyi kuMoscow.

Midziyo kubva Gzhel ivhu rakanga kunyanya kunaka, lightweight uye hunogara. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 zviri yeko, paiva 25 miriwo inobereka glassware. The napedyo of Moscow kwakaita kwakamutsa kukura gadzira yevhu zvigadzirwa, nhumbi muguta guru wakatengesa asingaverengeki nembiya, ndiro, nezvirongo nezvimwe kicheni nemidziyo.

Gzhel toyi panguva zvakaitwa tsvina houseware kugadzirwa. Hazvinei kuti ivhu zhinji kana kuruboshwe, zvose zvakanga kushandiswa Modelling cockerels, huku, makwai nembudzi. Pakutanga, handicraft okudhindira vakashanda zvisiri zvenguva dzose, asi nokukurumidza kwave kune chaicho mutsetse mukurima. Raw Kukohwa simbi zvakananga matkamuistoja, masvikiro kunge specialized pamusoro Profile kupfuura vakatsvaka-pashure zvigadzirwa.

White mabhiza kupenyerera uye mifananidzo ainyorwa namavara siyana chero sezvo paiva cobalt, nokudenga pendi. Zvikuru inopenya zvitema ruvara ndiyo yakanakisisa pamwe chando-chena enamel chimedu. Mune 50s wekupedzisira Artists remakore akasiyiwa zvachose mamwe mavara ose uye vakatanga kushandisa poglazurnoy cobalt rwebhuruu coloring. Vavariro vazvionere saka aigona kuva akasiyana zvikuru, pane nyaya.

Other Crafts

The chakarondedzera Russian zvavo Arts uye rwokugadzira unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira zvinoshamisa rakafara. Pano uye afunge Kasli Kudzingwa, uye tsika pamwe okunze blotches. intarsia uye marquetry mitoo kubvumira kuti asike hunoshamisa mifananidzo uye ukomba. Russian Zvakarurama uri - yakakura tsika stratum munyika, fuma kwenzanga.