Zvemaumbirwo - sayenzi chii? Chii kuita Vanodzidza? matambudziko Modern inoongorora

"Zvemaumbirwo - mararamiro" - chinowanzoitika kuudza munhu geologist, kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro basa rake, vasati kutamira kuti aiyanika uye pakunzwa mashoko, achitsanangura kuti zvemaumbirwo - munhu sayenzi nemamiriro uye anoumba dzenyika, nhoroondo yokuberekwa kwayo, inotungamirwa uye mitemo kukura kamwe vasingaverengeki, uye ikozvino, nhamo, "zvinofungidzirwa" pfuma yayo muura. Zvimwe dzomuchadenga zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri ndiwo chinhu Geological tsvakurudzo.

Description ane sayenzi vanowanzotanga vaine nhoroondo yaro mavambo uye maumbirwo, vasingambozivi kuti nyaya izere kujeka mashoko uye tsanangudzo, saka ndiko kutanga pamusoro dhigirii.

Zvokukura Geological tsvakurudzo

Vakawanda Zano tsvakurudzo urongwa, umo munogona "inopedzisira yaparara" zvose Geological basa nechinangwa achizivisa chicherwa deposits (the ISA), chaizvoizvo sezvinotevera: radio (Mapping pamusoro outcrops nematombo Geological idzodzo), tsvaga oparesheni , akachenjera, kukarukureta pamusoro reserves, Geological mushumo. Shooting, Prospecting uye ubanguranyika, akavapindurawo, Chokwadi, rakakamurwa muzvikamu, zvichienderana kutsanangurwa basa uye maererano Kukodzera yavo.

Kuti aite kunzwisisa basa rakadaro raisanganisira neuto nyanzvi iri widest-siyana Geological unyanzvi, idzo Ndizvo geologist vanofanira nhaka zvikuru kupfuura pachiyero "zvishoma zvose," nokuti kusarudza kuronga mashoko ichi zvose nzwisisika uye pakupedzisira kuuya yawanikwa dhipoziti ( kana kuti) sezvo zvemaumbirwo - a nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza ura dzenyika pakutanga kuti kukura chicherwa mari.

Mhuri Geological Sciences

Kufanana nevamwe sainzi (wefizikisi, zvipenyu, kemisitiri, jogirafi, uye zvichingodaro. D.), zvemaumbirwo rinomiririra kutaridza dyidzana uye kurukana pamwe chete nokuranga yesayenzi.

Zvakananga Geological nyaya zvinosanganisira rwevanhu uye remunharaunda zvemaumbirwo, mineralogy, tectonics, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, paleontology, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, nhoroondo zvemaumbirwo, crystallography, hydrogeology, zvomumvura zvemaumbirwo, volcanology uye sedimentology.

By chikumbiro, sayenzi methodological, zvekushandisa, zveupfumi uye dzimwe chokuita Geological zvinosanganisira michina inoongorora, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, jogirafi, zvemaumbirwo, zvicherwa, geophysics, ivhu sainzi, geodesy, oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, Inventory uye kuongorora nyika, nyika zvakanaka, mamiriro okunze, cartography, meteorology uye sayenzi mumhepo dzakatevedzana.

"Wakachena", munda zvemaumbirwo anoramba zvikurukuru rairatidza kuti zvinoisa the artist imwe tsika uye zvetsika zvine basa, saka, zvemaumbirwo, vakava mutauro wavo, kufanana nedzimwe sayenzi, harisi pasina philology, kufunga uye magariro.

Sezvo prospecting uye ubanguranyika migwagwa, kunyanya mumaruwa - ndiko kuti asina anorayira mashandiro zvachose, mumwe geologist nguva dzose pachena kuti muedzo kuzviitira, asi zvakarurama uye zvakanaka zvinoitirwa kutonga kana mhedziso, nokudaro, zvinosuruvarisa zvinoitika. "Kukanganisa" Zvinovaraidza kungaita kuti dzakakomba zvikuru nemigumisiro vose kutsvakurudza uye kugadzirwa, uyewo logistical uye zvoupfumi mashoko Naizvozvo geologist anongoti haana kodzero kuti unyengeri, kusarurama uye kukanganisa somunhu sapper kana chiremba.

Geoscience muzongoza yakavakwa panzvimbo hierarchical dzakatevedzana (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, zvemaumbirwo uye chaizvoizvo paleontology kusanganisira tectonics, stratigraphy uye zvemaumbirwo dzakaitika), kuratidza vakuru kuti successively kuwedzera kunzwisisa zvinhu kubva mukudzidza maatomu uye mamorekuru pasi rose.

Mumwe nomumwe sayenzi idzi dzakawanda mapazi kwakasiyana-siyana, uyewo chaiko zvemaumbirwo zvinosanganisira tectonics, stratigraphy uye nhoroondo zvemaumbirwo.

geochemistry

Tichifunga sayenzi iyi matambudziko kuparadzirwa zvinhu zviri muchadenga, hydrosphere uye lithosphere.

Modern geochemistry chinhu chisinganzwisisiki pane anoranga kwesayenzi, kusanganisira remunharaunda geochemistry, biogeochemistry uye geochemical nzira ubanguranyika ose chicherwa deposits. Nyaya yokudzidza kuti anoranga izvi zvose tiri mitemo yokutama okunze, avo ezvinhu kufungisisa, kuparadzana uye apiwa deposition, uyewo dzinotsanagura shanduka kubva modes ose panowanikwa nechimwe chinhu kana neshamwari anoverengeka zvivako zvakafanana chaizvo.

Geochemistry inobva zvivako uye mabhomba marongerwo uye crystalline fuma iri mashoko pamusoro thermodynamic parameters zvinoratidza chikamu goko kana goko nomumwe, uyewo mukuru mapatani vanowanika nokuda thermodynamic kwendangariro.

Direct Zvidzidzo dambudziko geochemical mu zvemaumbirwo - MPO kuonekwa, saka ubanguranyika basa riri mhangura zvicherwa hazvo rakaitika uye vaine geochemical kuongorora, migumisiro ayo dzinounzwa neeSultan kuti vapararire anobatsira zvinoriumba.

mineralogy

Mumwe mukuru uye mukuru zvikamu sayenzi ari Geological, ichitsvaka guru, akanaka, anofadza zvikuru uye asinganzwisisiki nyika zvicherwa. Mineralogical ongororo, zvinangwa, zvinangwa uye nzira iyo kuvimba chaizvo mabasa anoitwa pa mumatanho ose prospecting uye ubanguranyika uye inosanganisira zvakawanda nzira kutarisana tinyatsonzwisisa zvicherwa nziyo kuti Erekitironi microscopy uye X-ray Diagnostics.

On anokanda matanho, Prospecting uye ubanguranyika pakati MPO zveBhaibheri zvinoitiswa kuona mineralogical kutsvaka nzira uye rokutanga tinyatsonzwisisa hunoshanda kukosha zvinogona deposits.

Panguva ubanguranyika pachikuva uye Geological basa kunyatsoongorora esimbi reserves non-esimbi zvicherwa chigaro rakwo Qualitative uye quantitative chicherwa Kuronga kuziva pemaitiro netsvina izvo mashoko vari kufungwa pakusarudza marapirwo michina kana mhedziso pamusoro unhu mbishi zvinhu.

Kuwedzera misoro kudzidza Zvinoumba pamatombo, chikuru zvinangwa ndivo kudzidza mineralogy zvicherwa mubatanidzwa mapatani zvakasikwa neshamwari uye kuvandudza zviga systematics ose chicherwa marudzi.

crystallography

Dzaimboonekwa chikamu crystallography mineralogy, uye kunyatsobatana pakati dzinongoitika uye pachena, asi nhasi ndiye yakazvimirira sayenzi pamwe warwo pasi uye kutsvakurudza nzira. Mabasa dziri Crystallography nzwisisika kudzidza mamiriro, mumuviri uye Manyiminya zvivako zviri crystals panguva inotungamirwa kwavo uye maitiro kudyidzana pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza, uyewo kuchinja kuitika pasi pokudzora ekushandiswa-siyana hunhu.

Sayenzi crystals ndiyo divisible nokuda physicochemical crystallography kuti inodzidza mifananidzo inotungamirwa uye kukura crystals, maitiro avo pasi ezvinhu akasiyana zvichienderana chimiro uye marongerwo uye geometric crystallography, izvo pasi mitemo geometric Dare chimiro uye symmetry yacho sekristaro.

tectonics

Tectonics mumwe chinoumba misoro inoongorora kuti vanodzidza nemamiriro goko iri STRUCTURAL nemashoko, asi zvinhu zvayo inotungamirwa uye kubudirira kurwisa colour kubva multiscale kuchiva, deformations, zvikanganiso uye dislocations anokonzerwa yakadzika kwendangariro.

Tektonika rakakamurwa romunharaunda, STRUCTURAL (Morphology), nhoroondo uye vakashandisa matavi.

Regional mirayiridzo inoshanda hurongwa hwakadai platforms, ndiro, mapuranga, akapeta nharaunda dzegirini makungwa, uye nyanza, rokuchinja zvikanganiso, vagadzirisane mapazi uye t. D.

Somuenzaniso, mashoko kwematunhu STRUCTURAL uye tectonic plan, iyo inozivikanwa nokuda zvemaumbirwo weRussia. The European kwenyika iri pamusoro East-European papuratifomu, rinoumbwa Precambrian igneous uye metamorphic matombo. Nharaunda pakati Urals uye Yenisey iri kuMadokero Siberian papuratifomu. Kubva Yenisei kusvika Lena kunosvika Siberian Platform (Central Siberian Plateau). The akapeta nzvimbo vakaisawo Ural-Mongolian, Pacific uye ubatanidzwewo Alpide bhandi.

Morphological tectonics ichienzaniswa Regional zveBhaibheri sechivako akaderera kurongeka.

History of mavambo uye paumbwe inokosha mhando STRUCTURAL siyana nyanza uye makondinendi ari Geotectonics rinokosha.

Kushandisa nzvimbo tectonics chokuita kuziva regularities pakubhadhara siyana ISA maererano mamwe morphological hurongwa uye zvinoitwa kukura kwavo.

The "mercantile" Geological pfungwa zvinokanganiswa pasi goko tiri rudopodvodyaschie hova uye mhangura-kudzora zvinhu.

paleontology

Zvichireva chaizvoizvo "sayenzi zvipenyu yekare ', paleontology zvidzidzo Zvisaririra zvinenge vavo zvasara uye zvisaririra zvoupenyu, zvikurukuru stratigraphic tumisoro pakati pamabwe goko. The kukwanisa paleontology zvinosanganisira basa kudzorera mifananidzo, kuratidza muitiro chaivo shanduka pachishandiswa mashoko vakawana somugumisiro vavakezve mufananidzo, zvipenyu maitiro, nzira maberekero uye zvokudya zvinenge yekare.

Zviratidzo pachena paleontology rakakamurwa paleozoology uye paleobotany.

Utachiona vane hanya nokuchinja kwomuviri-namakemikari parameters kwezvakatipoteredza, saka havana zvakavimbika zviratidzi mamiriro ezvinhu umo matombo dzakaumbwa. Kubva ichi inotevedzera pedyo kubatana inoongorora uye paleontology.

Kwakavakirwa he zveBhaibheri pamwe nemigumisiro determinations ari mhedziso zera Geological idzodzo akanyora geochronological scale, umo nhoroondo yenyika rakakamurwa Geological eras (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, uye Mezozoic Cainozoe). AD vari rakakamurwa nguva, uye avo, akavapindurawo, rwakakamukana zera.

Tiri kurarama munyika Pleistocene (Makore 20,000 apfuura kusvikira chipo) iri Quaternary nguva, rwakatanga anenge mamiriyoni 1 apfuura.

petrography

The kudzidza chicherwa Zvinoumba igneous, metamorphic uye sedimentary matombo, avo textural uye STRUCTURAL zvatariswa munyaya Genesisi uye petrography (petrology). Kutsvakurudza ichiitwa zvichishandisa polarizing maikorosikopu ari mwaranzi unopfuura chiedza inobudisa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi mimwe padombo cheka mutete (0,03-0,02 mm), ndiro (mutete Zvikamu), ipapo glued kuti girazi ndiro pamwe Canada ebharisamu (Manyiminya zvechadenga nebwe pedyo nevaya girazi).

Zvicherwa kuva njenjemera (vazhinji), uye avo Manyiminya zvivako, ari kuziviswa zvicherwa uye pamatombo mazwi. Chipingaidzo mu dzakaonda chikamu mifananidzo akafanana mapatani ari kaleidoscope.

A kanoda ichitanga Geological Sciences zvinotora petrology pamusoro sedimentary namatombo. Her huru yokungotaura uye anobatsira kukosha nokuti kuti nyaya pakutsvakurudza zviri ano uye yekare (Zvisaririra) kunonaya, izvo kugara vanenge 70% Nyika pevhu.

ouinjiniya zvemaumbirwo

Engineering zvemaumbirwo - mumwe sayenzi pamusoro zvinhu murwiyo, physico-makemikari ehupfumi yacho inotungamirwa, deposition uye nesimba vaikudzwa akaturikidzana dzenyika nechepasi, izvo chokuita zveupfumi, kunyanya engineering kuvakwa basa munhu.

Engineering uye Geological kuongorora zvainanga panguva Implementation ane misoro uye Integrated tinyatsonzwisisa Geological zvinhu kukonzerwa nevanhu zvoupfumi basa pavanoparidza zvepanyama Geological kwendangariro.

Kana tinorangarira kuti, zvichienderana nzira hunoenzana sayenzi zvepanyama vari rakakamurwa kunorondedzera uye yakarurama, kuti michina inoongorora Chokwadi, rinoreva neyokupedzisira, mukusiyana vakawanda ake "mamwe masoja muchitoro."

Marine zvemaumbirwo

Zvingava chandakukanganisira kufuratira rakakura bazi inoongorora kuti vanodzidza Geological marongerwo uye maitiro goko paNyika, rokuti ari nechepasi nyanza uye makungwa. Kana ukatevera pfupi uye capacious tsanangudzo, izvo zvaizobatsira kuti zvemaumbirwo (kudzidza Earth), kuti Marine zvemaumbirwo - sayenzi kwegungwa (ocean) pasi, kufukidza mapazi ose "muti Geological" (tectonics, petrography, lithology, nhoroondo uye quaternary zvemaumbirwo, paleogeography , stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, geophysics, achidzidzisa pamusoro zvicherwa, etc ..).

Research mumakungwa uye makungwa inoitiswa zvikuru akashongedzerwa zvikepe, mobile pemvura kuchera zviyero uye pontoons (pasherefu). Nokuti zvakabudiswa, kunze kuchera, vachishandisa dredge, dredge Mugomo-mhando uye yakananga-chokubuda chubhu. With zvionera mano akatakurwa uye towed discrete uye chinoramba Photographic, terevhizheni, zvizivikanwe nemichina, uye magnetometric Geolocation kupfura.

Munguva yedu, zvinetso zvakawanda nesayenzi yemazuva haisati zvakagadziriswa, uye zvinosanganisira unsolved zvakavanzika penyanza uye ayo subsoil. Marine zvemaumbirwo akakudza kwete chete nokuda nesayenzi, "chakavanzika kujekesa", asiwo mukudzidzire Tichitarisa chicherwa pfuma munyanza.

The chikuru basa yazvino yokungotaura bazi zvomumvura zvemaumbirwo kudzidza nhoroondo Oceanic goko uye kuziva mitemo mikuru yaro Geological mamiriro.

Historical zvemaumbirwo - sayenzi of mitemo kukura goko uye nyika yose iri kare foreseeable akapfuura kubva inotungamirwa raro nanhasi. Kudzidza nhoroondo paumbwe nemamiriro lithosphere kunokosha nokuti kuitika pasi tectonic kufamba uye deformations zvinomiririra zvinokosha kuita kuti vakawanda kuchinja kwakaitika Panyika kare Geological eras.

Zvino, muchidimbu zvemaumbirwo, unogona kureva payo nemidzi.

Karwendo kupinda munhoroondo Earth sayenzi

Zvakaoma kutaura sei zvemakore kure shure midzi nhoroondo inoongorora, asi Neanderthal murume aiziva zvakanga kuita banga kana nesanhu, kushandisa mapanga kana obsidian (kuputika girazi).

Kubvira panguva chinyakare munhu pakati XVIII remakore akazosvika Danho pre-esayenzi kuwanda uye paumbwe Geological ruzivo, kunyanya pamusoro ores chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi, kuvaka namabwe, munyu uye pasi. On yamatombo, zvicherwa uye Geological pezvakaitwa mu kududzirwa nguva kutaura nechekare kare.

Pakazosvika XIII remakore munyika Asian vanga kusimukira rwokugadzira gomo uye vakatanga nheyo esimbi mugodhi uye ruzivo.

Muna Renaissance (XV-XVI emakore.) Approved maererano heliocentric maonero enyika (Johani. Bruno, Galileo, Copernicus), akaberekwa Geological kumiririrwa N. Stenon, Leonardo da Vinci uye G. Bauer, uye akagadzira pfungwa cosmogony P . Descartes uye Leibniz.

Munguva zvemaumbirwo sechinhu sainzi (XVIII-XIX emakore.) Vakanga cosmogonic pfungwa pamusoro Laplace uye Kant uye pfungwa Geological M. V. Lomonosova, G. Buffon. Akazvarwa stratigraphy (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) uye paleontology (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), yekudyidzana kutanga crystallography (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. Moos and said.), Geological Mapping kunotanga.

wokutanga Geological nzanga uye National Geological mabasa zvakasikwa iyi.

Sezvo yechipiri yezana XIX kusvika mangwanani XX remakore rinonyatsooneka zviitiko vaiva Geological zvaanorumbidza naCharles Darwin, kugadzwa dzidziso platforms uye geosynclines, kuti kwaita palaeogeography, petrography kukura chokushandisa, kuvabereki uye yokungotaura mineralogy, panowanikwa magma pfungwa nedzidziso esimbi deposits. Mafuta akatanga kubuda zvemaumbirwo uye geophysics vawane tichimhanya (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry uye seismology). Muna 1882, ivo Geological Committee kweRussia rakaumbwa.

Modern zvemaumbirwo nguva okukura yakatanga pakati pezana XX remakore, kana sayenzi Pasi akaita zvokurerwa zvemichina kombiyuta uye awana rabhoritari michina itsva, zvishandiso Hardware, vachibvumira kuti ndifambire mberi Geological uye geophysical zveBhaibheri zviri mumakungwa uye nemapuraneti pedyo.

Zvikuru kubudirira kwesayenzi vaiva Pfungwa metasomatic zoning Korzhinsky, dzidziso facies metamorphism pfungwa Strakhov pamusoro mhando Lithogenesis, okusuma geochemical nzira prospecting kuti esimbi deposits nevamwe.

Achitungamirirwa AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo uye A. A. Bogdanova akaita nzvimbo dzinoyevedza tectonic map Europe uye Asia, vaiumba paleogeographic atlases.

Yakazokudziridzwa pfungwa itsva tectonics pose (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain nezvimwewo ...), Far mberi akabuda geodynamics, injiniya zvemaumbirwo uye hydrogeology, akaronga negwara idzva zvemaumbirwo - zvipenyu, nhasi rava chokutanga.

matambudziko Modern inoongorora

Nhasi, zvikuru nyaya panguva nyaya sayenzi vazhinji vanoramba zvisingagadziriswi, uye nyaya idzi hadzisi isingasviki zana. Tiri kutaura pamusoro zvipenyu hwaro pfungwa, zvakavanzika ndangariro, hunhu nguva nerukudzo, kwakabva nyeredzi, vatema maburi uye hunhu zvimwe yepasi pose zvinhu. On the zvemaumbirwo mugove akadonha zvinetso zvakawanda zvichiri kunzwisisa. Izvi chokuita vainyanya marongerwo uye anoumba zvakasikwa, uyewo kwemasayendisiti kuitika mukati Earth.

Today zvemaumbirwo ukoshi kunowedzera nokuda kudiwa kutonga uye zvemari nezvokunyanya nokutyisidzirwa unopfuurira Geological migumisiro unsustainable zvoupfumi basa, sembura zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza.

Geological inotungamirwa muRussia

Paumbwe ano Geological inotungamirwa yokuRussia iri chokuita pakuvhurwa St. Petersburg Corps pakati Mining Engineers (Yemberi Mining Institute) uye kugadzwa Moscow University uye akatanga ndakajeka apo, muna 1930, rakaumbwa muna Leningrad, uye ipapo hwakatamisirwa Moscow Institute of zvemaumbirwo (zvino doro paguva rehama yavanoremekedza AH CCCP).

Today Geological Institute ndiye aitungamirira pakutsvakurudza masangano mumunda stratigraphy, lithology, tectonics uye Geological nhoroondo ichitanga Sciences. Huru mabasa chokuita kukura zvikuru zvinetso zvakaoma mamiriro uye inotungamirwa Oceanic uye Continental goko, kudzidzwa shanduka nedombo inotungamirwa makondinendi uye sedimentation munyanza, geochronology, munyika yose kuwirirana pakati Geological urongwa uye mananara, uye vamwe.

By munzira, akazotsiviwa kuti doro paguva rehama yavanoremekedza rakanga Mineralogical Museum, zita muna 1898 muna Museum inoongorora, uye ipapo 1912 muna Geological uye Mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Sezvo inception pakati rokuvambwa Geological inotungamirwa kuRussia kwaibva papfungwa Trinity: sainzi - kudzidzisa - tsika. Pfungwa iyi, pasinei ruzha perestroika, zvemaumbirwo zvedzidzo vanofanira kuva nhasi.

Muna 1999, chisarudzo Board of reBazi Redzidzo uye Natural Resources yeRussia vakagamuchirwa pfungwa imwe Geological inotungamirwa iyo kwapfuura approbation mu nemasangano redzidzo uye kugadzirwa zvikwata, "kuwedzera" Geological mudonzvo.

Geological dzidzo nhasi yepamusoro rinowanika kanopfuura 30 mumayunivhesiti Russian.

Uye regai aende 'kuongorora taiga "kana siya" iri sweltering inowanzorimwa "munguva yedu - hazvina kufanana nomukurumbira sezvo kamwe, basa, geologist anosarudza wake nokuti" vanofara, munhu anoziva chinorwadza pfungwa nomugwagwa "...