Zvidzidzo kubva kare: chii kuverenga pakunamata uye kunyora?

Nhoroondo yevanhu - chikuru nepfuma yake uye ndangariro, zvisingagone kukanganwa pashure pemazana emakore akawanda kudaro. Curious zvinhu pamusoro poupenyu madzitateguru avo, tinowanzoona cherechedzai kuti mashoko yakafukidzwa chakavanzika uye nezvahunoreva. Vanhu vakawanda vanoedza kuwana zvinhu kuverenga pakunamata uye kunyora, sezvazvakaita kunzwisisa uye decipher. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanopa pfungwa rinotevera tsananguro: kuverenga pakunamata uye kunyora - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinopa nhoroondo Ages Russian, imwe mhando resungano, haangoshevedzwi kuti yakananga vanhu, asi vo rudzi rwose, uye nezvizvarwa.

machinda Wills

Munguva dzekare, kunzwisisa chii ane muchinda feudal, zvakanga zvakakwana chete kutarira ake kuverenga pakunamata. Iye akapa mashoko akazara pamusoro wemba, pamusoro zvinokonzera uye nzira kwayo kutora. Pamusana vanyore mashoko inoshamisa kuda, tinogona kuronda simba rinomutsa pakati kuungana kana unorema nyika muchinda uye pfuma. KuMiddle Ages ari kuverenga pakunamata uye kunyora, taiziva zvinenge zvose. Manyoro refu uye vakanyatsochengeta, nokuti zvinyorwa vaimbova kugumbuka chaizvo. Kusvikira nhasi kwasvika dzakaunganidzwa nezvido machinda huru Moscow.

The upenyu nebasa Ivan Kalita

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa uye anokosha anonzi kuva bumbiro pakunamata Ivana Kality. zvechokwadi Raiva Grand Duke, uyo akaberekwa muna 1283 uye vakapfuura nzira yakaoma kuenda asati ava yakakurumbira uye anoremekedzwa murume muupenyu hwake. Pakutanga kwake ushe, muchinda kwakaita rakakura zvabuda. Akanga airemekedzwa nemano ake kuwana vanhuwo mutauro nevanhu, uyewo kutsungirira uye kuzvitsaurira. Nemhaka guru Ivan, zvoupfumi, uye upenyu enyika pakati pamwe of Moscow weutungamiriri uye Golden Horde akauya huenderane. Kalita akanga utsinye vatengesi uye kunyatsoomerera nevanhu vake, chero pavanotaurirana nguva dzose woutsinye navo vakasununguka.

Spiritual kuverenga Ivan Kalita

tsamba Spiritual Kalita zvekunyora refu nguva, munhu yakaoma zvikuru nhoroondo nguva kuti Russia. Pakutanga kuda kunoratidza mamiriro eutano Prince. Akavimbisa kuti zvose naye kuitira kuti mupfungwa nomumuviri zvakaipa ikoko zvakare. Muupenyu hwake, Kalita akaita akazviunganidzira guru zvakakwana, uyo akapa vanakomana vake mukadzi, Princess Yuliana. Ivan Gwaro dzakanyorwa nemari yose yake, yaakanga nhaka baba vake, sekuru, uye avo yaakanga chichiwanikwa pachavo. Panzira, aivapo akawanda. Panguva iyoyo, Grand Duke aiva muridzi maguta anoverengeka, pakati pavo akaitira Ruza, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Kolomna. Ivan Kalita vaiva vakawanda mumisha uye townships.

Saka, mubvunzo chii kuverenga pakunamata uye kunyora, zvinokwanisika kupa mhinduro iri nyore - aripo testamende, akambochera munguva yokutonga. Kalita kutanga kuteerera mitemo weboka nhaka. Iye akaupa vose navanakomana vake zvakaenzana, pasina pamusoro "vanokwira manera", apo guru inorwara kwayo kwava chinhu mwanakomana mukuru. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Ivan Kalita haana basa chero zvakawanda pamusoro munhu asi mhuri yake. nhaka All yakakamurwa kupinda pedyo mhuri denderedzwa. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti muchinda haina dzinounzwa "mugove chirikadzi" wake. Mari nenzira yakakodzera kunofanira kwaari, akapa mwanakomana wake wedangwe vakamuudza kuti kutarisira mai vake uye munin'ina.

Testament Kalita nhasi

Zvinosuruvarisa vanhu vashoma vanoziva chii kuverenga pakunamata uye kunyora, asi haana yapera kuriverenga uye kunzwa zvakaitika makore chiuru akapfuura. Somuenzaniso, Testamente Ivana Kality rava kuwanikwa wose. Pane shanduro mbiri tsamba nezvaMwari Grand Duke, chimwe nechimwe zvakakodzera.