Zviyero mu murwiyo: mhando uye nenheyo

Shoko rokuti "sezvamunoita" chinorehwa remubatanidzwa zvimwe zvinhu ari rose zvinopindirana. Pfungwa iyi zvinoshandawo zvakafanana zvakanaka sayenzi chaiyo uye iri uri dzidziso zvavo. Zvakanyatsoenzana mu murwiyo - mumwe maviri ezvinhu zvinokosha zvaro pamberi. Wechipiri wemishonga vose constituent zvinhu chinhu kuva chete chimiro. Sezvo vose unyanzvi uye mavakirwo kana injiniya kutsvaka kuwirirana, nekuti sezvo chavainyanya chinangwa uye rakavimbika, kuzadziswa izvi zviviri ezvinhu ndiyo chete rechokwadi sezvamunoita.

General yokungotaura Pfungwa

Song Science oga matatu mhando yayo, izvo tsika kazhinji chokuita uye mukwanisi mumwe, achipa dzimwe nguva kupfuura isingatarisirwi uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda mubatanidzwa. Mugumisiro netsika iyi ounyanzvi. Idzi dzinosanganisira: mberi, inzwi nokudzika-spatial sezvamunoita.

Nokuti kunzwisisa kuti inoratidza chero mufananidzo, mamiriro, kana zvimwe chisikwa, yakabuda somugumisiro chiito unyanzvi, vanofanira kuva pakati nepakati, izvo anonyanya kwakunoitwa kutarisana kutsiga zvakaoma waro constituent zvinhu. Muchiitiko chino, haisi nguva dzose mubvunzo kwokuoma symmetry. The zvakanyatsoenzana ari murwiyo ndiyo pakuenzanisa zvinhu zvose (avo zvimedu raiumbwa a) kubva pakati. Panyaya iyi, kukosha tidzikamiswe kwakadaro pachena zvinosiyana chisikigo pachacho. Uchapupu ichi inogona chokwadi chokuti mhuka uye chirimwa upenyu, uye kunyange zvinhu zvisina upenyu munyika tinoberekwa zvakanakanaka murwiyo. Mienzaniso yaro varipo pose pose, Maple shizha, chando sekiristaro clamshell, etc ...

Tsvaka maererano ari urongwa zvemamiriro munhu ane unyanzvi mafungiro, ndizvo nzwisisa. Itsika Izvi zvinogona kurondwa munhoroondo tsika munyika zvemakore. Zvikurukuru, wakaratidzwa huru kusvika symmetry, unoratidza, semuenzaniso, kutarisana nepakati gobvu mu murwiyo yekare Catholic Church, Russian chechi mapurani, uye chokwadi muna Ensemble mapiramidhi vechiIjipiti.

Symmetry uye asymmetry

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, Mhedziso proportionality ari mamiriro haako. Uyewo hazvina kuitika mairi uye kupedzisa asymmetry. Zvisinei, chokwadi nemamiriro mugirazi nhungamiro Mhedziso vazhinji zvipenyu (uyewo zhinji zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa) kunoratidza kuti zvose ruchigona proportionality munyika. Gravitate pazviri, uye zvisikwa.

Zvakanyatsoenzana guru murwiyo zvinoitwa zvakakodzera nzvimbo zvinhu zvayo iri mundege kana nzvimbo yacho. The symmetry izvozvi - zviri musiyano runonyanya mavara. The pamusoro wayo girazi ndicho mhando mune zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa uye unyanzvi. Musimboti zviri pedyo kuti reshiyo zvakayenzana zvikamu chinhu hama kune kutwasuka kana chinjikira akabatana.

zvakadaro howa zvakanyatsoenzana sezvamunoita sezvo helical uye axial symmetry, inoumbwa kutenderera pamusoro akabatana. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kana akashandura siyana zvinhu dzinogona kubatanidzwa kakawanda. Yechipiri, kubudikidza ose unyanzvi nzira pave emuchina - zononoka inofamba akapoteredza kunofambira mberi akabatana.

Asi havatendi kuti kuwirirana racho zvisikwa womufananidzo anogona kuzadzisa chete zvachose kutevera mitemo proportionality. Imwe nzira yokuti vabudirire mune mifananidzo, mapurani, prose uye nhetembo ndiko skewness, iyo akasanganisirwa mumatadzo nechepasi sezvamunoita. Zvakanyatsoenzana pasina pamutemo kuenzana zvinhu inowana akarurama placement uye kunovhengana zvikamu dzose chinhu avo ruvara pasi uye uremu. Nzira dzakadaro Somuenzaniso, tinogona kuona mifananidzo, "Landscape ne Polyphemus" Poussin uye "Madonna of Rocks" by Leonardo da Vinci.

The chikero ukoshi

Visual mwero uremu ari murwiyo pasina symmetry ndiko kushanda muna mapurani. Inogona kuva muenzaniso St. Andrew ane disproportionate turret (mumwe maitiro zviri pamusoro Victorian manyorerwo). Asymmetry zvikuru kuoma unyanzvi ari unyanzvi uye vakasiyana mugirazi nzira zvinoverengwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Senzira wokushandura mweya uye chido womufananidzo wacho wakajeka kupfuura mashoko, kuti disparity kunoratidza simba zvakanakanaka murwiyo. Achiratidza nechiyero dzakasiyana zvinhu zvakasiyana mwero massiveness, izvozvo anosika fungidziro kufamba munyika zvakafanana miganhu.

The kuoma chaiyo zvinhu zvinoverengwa chete nokuenzanisa navo, uye "kukura" kushandisa izwi iri kuongorora kwacho. Kuti sika compositionally zvakarurama asymmetry kukosha zvidukuduku chinobviswa ive nzira inobudirira romubati okuti. Panguva iyoyowo, kushandisa chikero, haugoni kuenda kukura, sezvo vari titsigire. Nokuti chakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru mutemo zvakanyatsoenzana mu murwiyo.

chikamu musimboti iri pasi nguva dzose pakati ukama pakati maviri kana kupfuura variables. Kuwedzera munhu pamwero, kuwedzera, uye mumwe chete nguva.

Geometry Rokudhirowa

Zvaidiwa pamusoro nemitemo vanorondedzerwa anogona kuzadzisa proportionality uye kwakakwana maererano zvinhu chokuita chinhu zvikamu uye core. Nheyo zvinoenderana - iyi ndiyo chaiwo pakati waifarirwa mari zviri murwiyo. On waiti "Balance mune hwakajeka uye mapurani", pane mabasa mazhinji yesayenzi.

Saka, sezvo Mhedziso kukura kunzi yendarama reshiyo yakawanikwa mazana emakore akapfuura. Izwi iri chakaunzwa yakafara kushandiswa zvikuru shasha Leonardo da Vinci. chikamu ichi chinoreva zvakanakanaka murwiyo, nhamba kwemasvomhu mashoko 1,62. Anonyatsoratidza zviri pachishandiswa rokuvaka geometrically akakwana shanu-rwakavakwa nyeredzi, mumwe kurutivi iyo inogona conventionally muzvikamu zviviri. Izvozvi chikamu chokuita mumwe ari inorwara "chikamu yendarama".

Chakavanzika zvinoenderana ichi, maererano masayendisiti, yave kuzivikanwa nokuda zviuru zvemakore zvakawanda kare. Migumisiro nokushandisa nzira izvi ndizvo pakuenzanisa murwiyo, mienzaniso iyo panguva yedu nhaka yakakura hurongwa dzakadai Parthenon, uye mapiramidhi. Zvivako akaita aaisitaura kukura, vari muna India uye China, muItaly uye Greece.

The mukufambisira mufananidzo

Kunotsvaka rinonyanya kuratidza Artists ose emakore Zvirongwa nounyoro kurapwa mumwe rinokosha munyaya, akatakura akafanana. Pakuenzanisa geometric zvitarisiko yakavakirwa uri akaita vemifananidzo dzakawanda Renaissance uye yokutanga Classical yaitonga. Somuenzaniso, mumufananidzo N. Poussin kuti "Landscape ne Polyphemus" rinoumba zvikamu zviviri yakakura duku, triangle rakanyorwa mu mumwe. Kunyange zvazvo vatambi kuti Leonardo da Vinci kuti "Madonna of Rocks" iri nyore kurongwa chepiramidhi, ari chakaderedzwa mutengo chinova Mhandara pachake.

Uchatamisa munhu wakaiswa mufananidzo wakadhirowewa anoita nzira dzakadai kunofambira mberi sezvamunoita, pakuenzanisa geometric zvitarisiko umo kunokwanisika nokuswedera ose mitsara kuti makirisito mufananidzo. Muenzaniso zvinogadzirisa kwakadaro kunogona kuva mifananidzo, apo vakawanda urongwa nezverangano zvinhu chimiro denderedzwa, mativi kana rectangle, uye kazhinji kurondwa zvachose symmetry.

Kunofambira mberi zvinodiwa uchatamisa mamiriro kuzorora, nzvimbo yapera. mumwe sezvamunoita kwakadaro inomuda nyaya iyo kusingasanganisiri simba. Somuenzaniso, muna kupendwa "Portrait of Xenia Tishininoy" I. Vishnyakov kunyange heroine kuti mufananidzo chinoumba vaakasarudza equilateral, triangle uye ndiro chete chaikosha kuti chinyatsotsanangurwa namavara dzinopenya.

Schematically akazaruka nziyo

Nokuuya pamusoro Renaissance akanyatsosiyana achinja pfungwa nemaonero pacharo. Miganhu pfungwa dzevanhu zviri yakawedzera, zvikuru sezvingatarisirwa zvinoratidzwa mifananidzo, mumhanzi, mabhuku uye mapurani. Zvikuru shoma nyika rakawedzerwa isingaperi mwero uye namahwindo sezvamunoita change rakavhurika.

Kufambira akananga kuwana maererano pamufananidzo ose, nyanzvi yokudhirowa, Chokwadi, achitungamirirwa nemanzwiro dzavasinei nadzo uye anokumbira ake kufunga. Uye kunyange kuita chisikwa hazvigoni vakaongorora, zvikuru kushandiswa nzira inogona kuverenga uye munyaya zvizere. Zvikurukuru, nezvezvitadzo unyanzvi zvirongwa iyo zvakanyatsoenzana kunoitwa mu murwiyo. Mienzaniso vanodhirowa, rangano zvinosanganisira chaizvo mazita nemaonero mamwe dzakasiyana zvikamu nomazvo kubvumira pachena akataura yomumba siyana zvikamu vari unitary marongerwo.

Zvichireva zvikamu pa zvakanyatsoenzana

Chimwe chezvinhu rokuratidzwa mupfungwa iyi, mabasa muri mifananidzo yose Velásquez. Saka, muna zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa ake, "Kuregwa Breda" hazvishamisi kurondwa zvakajeka nepakati turbid uye chiedza makwapa mavara akajeka uye kwavakarerekera, wemishonga muhombe zvikamu uye nomazvo Hupenyu kuronga.

The chikuru che rangano iri chaipo pakati web. Heroes muAtlantic kune mumwe. weNobel musoro ndiyo zvishoma pamusoro misoro njodzi muvengi anotarira chivara pamusoro patainzwa yaipinda varwi kufinhikana uye akapa greenish. Mufananidzo mubati, vachipa kiyi zvokufananidzira muguta rawa, nesipereti pamusoro chiedza background. Ari zvishoma swarthy, chiso chake nenzwi jena chipika. kusiyana izvi kunogona kurondwa yose padandemutande.

Mumwe mutsetse diagonal zvikonzero sikavha, iyo yakasungirirwa pamwe Kumukundi pamusoro pamafudzi uye rinosimudzwa, uye mumwe - mureza weboka akakunda muvengi uye ruoko rwonzi vanonyanya kutaurwa. Visual pfungwa yakadzama mufananidzo ane shoma chiedza Kurohwa - bhiza musoro kuruboshwe hwomubati uye chena hembe murwi pedyo naye.

"Kuita Breda" chinomirira mufananidzo kuratidza dzinokosha mitemo murwiyo. Zvakanyatsoenzana payo zvinoitwa elaboration dzakashandiswa anoverengeka zvikamu akapiwa maonero.

chronotop musimboti

Balance mu murwiyo zvinogonawo kuitwa nokuswedera mufananidzo mberi zviitiko. nzira iyi kubudirira kukuru vachishandisa vemifananidzo Russian yekare. Saka, Novgorod Painters ava kunopera Middle Ages akasikwa kuveza mufananidzo ruvara, zvarongwa iyo kwaibva yakakurumbira Battle of Novgorod mauto kubva Suzdal. In basa iri,-Tiered matatu sezvamunoita rakashandiswa: mu dzinotevedzana (rigone) matatu akazvimirira muenzaniso dzakaumbwa, chimwe nechimwe akaratidza chete chiitiko. Panguva iyoyowo, kuva zvakasimba mumwe pamusoro pomumwe, dzinomirira mufananidzo chete.

Similar uye hapana ishoma nzira kugadzirisa matambudziko kusikwa zvinoumba mifananidzo dzomuShoko zvakaitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye panguva dzakasiyana, asi kubata ne rimwe storyline. Kazhinji, mufananidzo wakadaro hombe chipasa ane nechepakati yechiitiko pakati uye muzvizhinji zviduku zvimedu wakaiswa kumativi. Kazhinji, mabasa awa ndezvaJehovha Genre iconography kana chete kushanda madingindira dzechitendero, kwakakurumbira muenzaniso izvo inogona kanivhasi Ieronima Boskha.

The Kuronga decoration hwemashiripiti

Nzira uye unyanzvi raishandiswa nokupfuuridzirwa zvinoyevedza pamuviri, akasiyana zvichienderana nemhando uri vanoshandira muvambi. Izvi Chokwadi, pangava zvakafanana kana kunyange zvayo mitemo. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe raanoziva zvakananga chaizvo uye, naizvozvo, mumwe nomumwe achishandisa nziyo zvingabudirira kushandiswa dzakasiyana.

The kupenda chinofanira Organic uye zvakasikwa nzira chokubatanidza ose okunze, pasina nokuiswa pfungwa. Uye kana mureza muenzaniso ane somumwe zvinangwa zvayo kuchinjwa fungidziro nzvimbo iri kwayo kukura nokudzika, achabatira yakanaka hwemashiripiti tenzi iri dzakapinza kusimbisa kuzorodzwa uye zvakadzama, vachishandisa anokosha nzira dzavo. decoration iwe nzira dziri vangasimudzira vakasiyana nzira nziyo, yaishandiswa dzenhoroondo Artists. Somuenzaniso, sezvo kuratidzwa nzvimbo haagoni kuratidzwa zvakadzama kwayo, tenzi toronga nzvimbo kure chete pamusoro vamwe. Nzira dzakadaro dzave kushandiswa kusanganisira yekare Russian kuvake Painters.

Imhaka yavo zvakajeka uye nzira pachena decoration uye vakashandisa unyanzvi uye iconography vava chinhu kudzidza zvidzidzo youpfu hwemashiripiti zviri zvokutanga mamakisi. Hwaro chidzidzo urongwa, sezvinoita ushe, rinosanganisira tsanangudzo "mutinhimira" uye "chimiro" - zvinhu kuti vanopa zvakanakanaka murwiyo (Grade 2).

Nzira sezvamunoita

Matambudziko chinokonzerwa painter, mumwe mabasa ake inoda sarudzo chete zvakanaka. Zvikurukuru ichi chinoshanda unyanzvi zvinoshandiswa pakuvaka murwiyo. Nzira dzakashandiswa mumwe nomumwe Artist akasiyana mavambo uye utsanzi.

To sezvamunoita Mitemo kunge akabvumirana, vanofanira kufunga zvinhu zvizhinji:

• uremu akatsanangura zvinhu;
• uye kukura nomumwe (nemhaka iyi) nzvimbo yavo jira;
• tinakidzwe mitsara uye ruvara zodzera;
• nzira kuparadzira nemaonero ari munyori;
• nzira iyo zvinorondedzerwa nzvimbo.

Zvikuru zviri zvakare papi zvakajeka rinotaura silhouettes evanhu kwakavakirwa chine pendi mumufananidzo yose. Zvinoumba - anokosha nyanzvi yokudhirowa nzira imwe mhando nazvo anokwanisa kutaura chiratidzo chake akapoteredza, nyika, pfungwa pachedu pfungwa dzedu, kushamwaridzana, ruzivo, etc. unyanzvi aya honed tenzi ose gore pagore ...

Kushanda murwiyo

Chero uri mufananidzo anodzidzwa nomunyori pachine uye chaizvo kwenguva refu. Zvirokwazvo rworudyi chivako kuti murwiyo kunoda womufananidzo nhaka unyanzvi zvakafanana pakukwana. Nekuti kukwanisa kushandisa zvakafanira nzira kuti nguva dzose nenzira isingaoneki achitovabatsira kunatsiridza.

Kuti maererano nepakati zvinokosha zviri murwiyo pamusoro jira, zvinokosha kuva varipo professionalism. Kunyange nyore pfungwa, kuisa pamusoro chena pemvura bepa, zvinoita yokudhirowa mibvunzo yakawanda, nokuda pfungwa zvichaita siyana zvichienderana chaipo apo zvicharangarirwa iri. Izvozvo zvinongofanana nokushandura mazuva zvimwe zvinhu kuti vari kanivhasi.

Dzinokosha mitemo uye unyanzvi sezvamunoita ndiyo michero nhoroondo yakakura ounyanzvi. Zvisinei, kubvira remakore remakore, ivo kukasawedzerwa vapfumi ruzivo zvizvarwa matsva nenyanzvi. sezvamunoita chidobi ari kuchinja, Virtual uye nguva dzose unoenderana nzvimbo vatenzi okusika rimwe nerimwe chizvarwa.

Kuchinjwa pachiyero

Kana kutaurwa symmetry pakati nezvokuzadziswa mufananidzo kana zvimwe imwi chinhu compositionally akadzikama. Kana asymmetrical mufananidzo, masangano ayo zvinogona papi hama kune mumwe sezvo nechiyero jira uyewo kure nayo. Kuti aite izvi, pane mazita unyanzvi: rakakura zodzera mavara akajeka inogona nepakati duku rima gwapa; counterweight anoita dzakatevedzana mavara akadukupa makuru uye t. d. Saka dzakasiyana padandemutande zvikamu pachiyero zvichienderana saizi wavo, uremu, uye mamwe maitiro zvenzwi.

Mukuwedzera, kwete zviduku zvese (mavara, tsanangudzo yezvimbo yakapoteredza, nezvimwewo) inofanira kuva yakanyatsokwana, asiwo nzvimbo iri pakati pavo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuenzaniswa kwekuenzanisa kwekufananidzwa hakufaniri kufananidzwa kunyange nemasvomhu ekuenzana kwehuwandu. Unyanzvi hwekunzwa intuitively huripo hunobva kune zvakasikwa, kana hunogona kusimbiswa kwenguva yakareba mukushanda kwebasa risina basa. Kana iri yemufananidzo usina kufanana, mukati maro semantic centre ingangodaro pamucheto wechifananidzo, kana zvachose kusipo.

Chero zvazvingava, kuumbwa kwekufananidzwa kunobva kune:

• Ruramisa nzvimbo yemashoko makuru emufananidzo;
• Plastics nemitambo yekunyora magadzirwa;
• Mipiro, umo imwe neimwe yechando inorayirwa;
• Kunakidza mivara yakasarudzwa uye mavara.

Nheyo dzekuvaka

Iko kuenzanirana kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzirwa kwepahizha kunowanikwa nekunyatsotevera mazano ehurumende ekubatana kwavo. Iyo yekutanga (uye kwete iyo yakajeka) inobatsira. Ichokwadi ndechokuti unyanzvi, senzvimbo iyo zvinhu zvose zvinotarisirwa zvakasimba, mazano uye kunyatsocherechedza kwekutaura zvinoreva, zvinoda kubvumirana zvakajeka kwehuwandu hwekuedza kushandiswa kune rimwe basa rakakonzerwa. Chero basa ripi neripi rinofanira kunge rakavakwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye rinowedzera kubudirira maererano nekuendesa pfungwa uye chinangwa chemuenzi.

Kuumbwa, mumutauro wayo, kushamwaridzana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana, izvo, kuburikidza neunyanzvi hwavo hunosanganiswa, hunotanga kushanda zvakajeka sezvazvinogona uye mukubatana kwavo kunomiririra chimwe chinhu chitsva uye chakajairika. Izvi zvinotaura nezvehutano hwekubatana nekuvimbika, izvo munyori wese anofanirwa kutevera. Kuti unzwisise kana mutemo uyu uchicherechedzwa pamusana, munhu anofanira kubvisa mupfungwa chero chikamu chekuumbwa kubva mumufananidzo. Muitiko iyo, sechikonzero cheizvi, chigadziro hachina kutambura chero chakaipisisa, chinogona kugumiswa nekunyatsoziva kuti kuvimbika kwezviri pachena kunoputsika. Izvo zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pekuchinjwa kwenzvimbo dzezvikamu zvekuumbwa uye kuiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvitsva mumufananidzo.

Kubudirira kwehutano nekuvimbika

Kuti zvose zvinyorwa zvekuumbwa zviitwe, nzira dzinotevera dzinofanira kushandiswa:

1. Kurongeka kwakakodzera kwezvinhu, kunokubvumira kusimbisa zvirongwa. Mukuwedzera, iyi nzira inopa pfungwa yekudzika nzvimbo uye inopa mufananidzo wehuwandu.
2. Kucherechedza kubatana kwemufananidzo uye unhu kunoreva kushanda nenzira imwechete uye maitiro. Mitsara uye mapurasitiki anofanira kunge akabatanidzwa pamwe chete. Colors inofanira kusarudzwa mune imwe chinhu uye inodzokorora sezvinodiwa. Izvo zvinoenda kunzvimbo.
3. Muchigadziro kunofanira kuva nechimiro chechimiro, asi chinotsanangura zvinonzwisisika chinogadziriswa chemufananidzo chinofanirawo kunge chichigadzikana.

Mukuwedzera, kuitira kuti uwane kukwana uye kuenzaniswa kwehuwandu, zvakakosha kuchengeta zvakaenzana zviito zvezviito pamatanho ese ekusikwa kwebasa racho. Kutanga, unofanira kunyatsoongorora chirongwa chebasa racho. Sezvo wakagadzira zvese zvakarongwa zvekugadzirisa, zvakakosha kuziva chiyero chekuwirirana kwezvikamu zvacho zvikuru. Kuita izvi zvigoneke, sanganisira mapurasitiki emufananidzo, muchimiro icho izvo zvese zvinogona kupinda.