African Relief uye zvicherwa. Vanoumba zvakazorodza Africa

Zvose zvakanaka kuyeuka kuti Africa ndiyo Hottest kondinendi panyika. Asi vashoma vanoziva kuti Africa - zviri ndiyewo "mukuru" makondinendi, sezvo ane chaizvo mukuru mwero avhareji yakakwirira pamusoro pegungwa. African rokuyamura siyana zvikuru uye kunzwisisa: kune neeSultan gomo, nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, mapani guru, achiita uye vagara yakatotsakatika anoputika.

Relief ipi nharaunda vanozivikanwa kuti rakada kufanana tectonic uye Geological nemamiriro ndima. Kusunungurwa muAfrica uye chicherwa yacho kuti zvinhu zviri zvakare chokuita tectonics yacho kondinendi. Ngatikurukurei muudzame nyaya iyi.

Plan achirondedzera kunyevenutswa Africa

Mamirire ruyamuro kupa kondinendi iri zano chaiwo. African Relief kunorondedzerwa zvinotevera algorithm:

1. Mamirire yakaoma tectonic marongerwo.
2. Analysis nhoroondo pasi goko.
3. Zvinoitwa yomunyika uye wokunze (exogenous uye endogenous) zororo-zvinhu.
4. Description of mukuru zvechadenga kondinendi wacho zororo.
5. Hurumende ichiisa kufadza uye pasipasi yakakwirira.
6. Mamineral dzavo nzvimbo iri munharaunda huru.

Low uye High Africa

Description Africa muchazorora vanofanira kutanga ndechokuti kondinendi, pamwe orographic nemaonero, iri muzvikamu zviviri: pamatunhu uye vakaderera Africa.

Low Africa inopfuura 60% of zvachose nzvimbo yacho (inoona nezvenjodzi iri kuchamhembe, nechokumadokero uye nechepakati Africa). Zvinonzi hunodzorwa imwe kukwirira 1000 mamita. High Africa anofukidza kumaodzanyemba uye nechokumabvazuva zvikamu kondinendi, apo avhareji kureba 1000-1500 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Apa pane zvakare yakakwirira - Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 metres), Kenya uye Rwenzori.

General zvechadenga kuzorodzwa African

Zvino funga zvikuru zviri kuedza Africa.

The chikuru chinhu ndechokuti huru Nzvimbo yakati sandara nokuda kworutivi. Mountain neeSultan bordered ne yakaoma chete kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe-kumadokero. In East Africa, kunyanya vachiri sandara nomunzvimbo dzine.

Africa iri hunodzorwa vakadaro siyana kuzorodzwa: nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, mapani, makomo, nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, shongwe, buttes uye kuputika massifs. Kana ichi iri nharaunda huru vari vanoiswa kwazvo mukati maro kazhinji dzichienderana pamusoro - mumapani nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, uye pamusoro kumicheto - zvikomo uye neeSultan gomo. Nyaya iyi iri chokuita tectonic maumbirwo Africa, zvikuru iyo riri rekare Precambrian pachikuva uye chacho micheto akaronga aigona kupetwa nzvimbo.

Zvose vaduku hurongwa gomo Africa ndiyo chete Atlas. In kumabvazuva kondinendi atambanudza pamusoro 6000 makiromita refu huru Great vagadzirisane Valley. Munzvimbo mhosva yayo kuumbwa rakakura anoputika, uye zvanza vakaumba zvikuru mudhamu.

Zvinofanira akanyorwa uye chikuru siyana ruyamuro kubva Africa. Izvi zvinosanganisira Atlas, iyo Drakensberg uye makomo Cape, MuItiopiya Highlands, Highlands Tibesti uye Ahaggar, East African Plateau.

Atlas makomo

Gomo marudzi zvakazorodza Africa vari, Sezvambotaurwa chete kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe-kumavirira kondinendi. An gomo neeSultan African ndiye Atlas.

Mountains Atlas yakatanga makore mamiriyoni 300 apfuura sezvo pamusana kudhumhana of Eurasian uye African mahwendefa. Gare gare, vakanga vanomutsirwa rebei kukwirira nokuda tectonic fambisa kwakaitika panguva pakuguma Paleogene. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kudengenyeka kuitika munzvimbo iyi uye ikozvino.

Atlas rinoumbwa zvikurukuru marl, reraimu uye kuputika matombo yekare. Ndima mupfumi simbi ores, uyewo phosphorite uye mafuta.

Ndicho chikuru gomo muAfrica hurongwa kuti zvinosanganisira akawanda substantially inofambirana neeSultan gomo:

• High Atlas.
• Rif.
• Tel Atlas.
• Middle Atlas.
• Saharan Atlas.
• Anti-Atlas.

The Kureba yegomo siyana - anenge 2,400 makiromita. The soro kwakadzikira zvinowanikwa munharaunda Morocco (Mount Toubkal, 4165 mamita). Average kukwirira neeSultan siyana pakati 2000-2500 mamita.

Drakensberg makomo

Izvi gomo wemuTesitamende rwezasi kondinendi iri munharaunda munyika nhatu - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland. The yakakwirira Mountains Drakensberg - Mount Thabana Ntlenyana pa 3482 mamita dzakakwirira. Makomo dzakaumbwa makore mamiriyoni 360 apfuura, muna Hercynian yaitonga. Vakaita zita nhamo zvayo kure uye nezvikara chitarisiko.

Ndima akapfuma zvicherwa: Platinum, ndarama, gaba uye marasha. nyika Unique uye makemikari ari Drakensberg makomo, apo pane dzakawanda endemic mhuka. The chikuru regomo massif (Drakensberg Park) ndiye UNESCO.

Drakensberg - a Watershed muganhu pakati Indian Ocean bheseni uye okumusoro kunosvika of Orange River. Vane rakasiyana chimiro: misoro yavo sandara, tabular, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu kwevhu ari kubhadhara.

Ethiopian dzakakwirira

African Relief ndezvokuti siyana. Pano unogona kuwana refu neeSultan pamusoro Zvikwenzi mhando, nemumakomo nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, mapani guru uye zvakadzama zvanza. Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira siyana kuzorodzwa yakaoma ndiyo dzakakwirira muItiopia, mukati izvo dziri kwete chete Ethiopia asiwo 6 dzimwe nyika dzomuAfrica.

Ichi chaiyo gomo siyana neavhareji kureba 2-3 makiromita uye yakakwirira pa 4.550 meters (Mount Ras Dashen). Nokuda chaizvo unhu Upland nomunzvimbo dzine unowanzonzi "padenga Africa". Uyewo, "denga" kazhinji akazunza, pane chinoramba refu seismicity.

Highlands yakaumbwa makore mamiriyoni 75 chete kare. Inoitwa crystalline schists uye gneisses overlain ne kuputika matombo kubva kumusoro. Quite wakajeka dzokumadokero mujinga muEtiopiya dzakakwirira, twi canyons of Blue Rwizi rwaNire.

Mukati Plateau pane mupfumi deposits dzendarama, sarufa, Platinum, mhangura uye nesimbi mhangura. Uyezve, zviri zvakare rinokosha zvokurima nzvimbo. MuItiopiya dzakakwirira anonzi ari nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kofi, uyewo dzimwe mhando yegorosi.

rinoputika Kilimanjaro

rinoputika ichi hachisi chete yakakwirira huru (5895 metres), asiwo yorudzii chiratidzo yose Africa. Rinoputika riri pamuganhu munyika mbiri - Kenya uye Tanzania. With Swahili zita rinoputika zvinoreva "kupenya gomo".

Kilimanjaro ichibuda 900 metres kureba kupfuura Masai ebani, saka nemaziso zvinoita sokuti rinoputika riri uchikungura zvisina kukodzera kumusoro. Masayendisiti regai kufanotaura kuputika basa mune ramangwana (zvimwe pane zvinogona choutsi), kunyange ichangopfuura zvave kuwanikwa kuti mabota mamita 400 kubva Kibo mwena.

Maererano omunzvimbo ngano, rinoputika rakaputika anenge maviri emakore akapfuura. Kunyange pasina vhidhiyo hweizvi. The yakakwirira Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Peak - wekutanga akawana muna 1889, Hans Meyer. Today vaiita kunokurumidza kukunda Kilimanjaro. Muna 2010, ivo Spaniard Kilian Burgada kuisa nyika zvinyorwa kubudikidza kukwira kuna kukwirira rinoputika mumaawa 5 uye maminitsi 23.

Kusunungurwa muAfrica uye zvicherwa

Africa - mukondinendi pamwe guru ezvoupfumi zvinogona, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva hombe reserves zvicherwa siyana. Uyezve, zvimwe kana zvishoma mvere, zvishoma dissected zororo yendima kunoita kuti kukura bhizimisi uye kuvakwa migwagwa uye nedzimwe nzira yokukurukurirana.

Africa iri nezviwanikwa, iro rinogona kukudziridzwa simbi uye petrochemicals. Nokudaro, kondinendi Muruvoko munyika Mhedziso ndiro rine chokwadi mukuru matura phosphate, titanium mhangura, chromite, uye tantalum. On muganhu Africa vane guru deposits pamusoro manganese, mhangura uye uranium exchange mhangura, bauxite, ndarama uye kunyange mangoda. On huru, kunyange emit vanonzi "bhandi mhangura" - nebhanire soro chicherwa kwaniso, achitambanudza kubva muKatanga kusvika Republic of Congo (DRC). Kuwedzera yemhangura chaiwo zvakare mined goridhe, cobalt, tini, uranium exchange uye mafuta.

Uyezve, nokuvapo akapfuma zvikuru chicherwa zvinhu vanoonekwa uye zvikamu ivavo Africa, sezvo Mountains Atlas, North Africa uye West Africa (Guinea, ayo chikamu).

Saka wawana Kunyatsoziva peculiarities rokuyamura rokutanga Hottest kondinendi hwepasi. African Relief kunoshamisa uye siyana, vanogona kuwanikwa pano zvacho - neeSultan gomo, nenzvimbo dzakakwirira nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, makomo, nemipata.