"Akafa mudetembi ..." "Kufirwa nyanduri" Ndima Lermontov vake. Ndianiko wakayeriswa Lermontov "Kufirwa nyanduri"?

Pushkin uye Lermontov - mazita maviri kuti vakodzera kuva kumativi nokuda kwezvikonzero shoma. Chekutanga, vari munharaunda vakaenzana unyanzvi. Uyezve, nhoroondo pachayo akarayira kuti rufu mumwe akava springboard kune dzimwe munyika mukurumbira.

maviri Genius

Kana muna 1837, kudzidza pamusoro dzinouraya duel, akakuvadzwa, uye ipapo rufu Pushkin, Lermontov akanyora dzokuchema "vakaurayiwa nyanduri ...", iye pachake aiva chaizvo yakakurumbira mumabhuku yeChina. Creative Biography Mikhail Yurevich inotanga mangwanani, kudanana nhetembo dzake ndeyemunguva makore 1828-1829. Zvinonzi kukura nokukurumidza somunhu Lyricist iye runondimukira, zvinosuwisa, Byronic yokuchengetera zvinhu. Kunyanya chaikoshawo rudo rwake nhetembo - "Mupemhi", "Itai tsoka dzenyu ..." uye vamwe vazhinji, zvinoratidza kuti muverengi yakadzika Drama of Lermontov Zvakaitika. Uye vehurumende, echimurenga bapiro, nhetembo akakodzera yakawanda achiteerera. Ndiyo nguva yokuti kudzidzira basa raiva pfupi kuti Mikhail Yurevich. Vanyori vakakurumbira taura naye noruremekedzo uye kungoparara ramangwana kukuru. Uye chidhori chake, mudzidzisi pakunamata uye chipangamazano pamusoro Pushkin, Lermontov akati. Nekuti kudaro marwadzo sechipo kurasikirwa, anonyora kuti: "Iye akafa nyanduri ..."

Legends nerunyerekupe

havana pachavo akajairwa - zvakanga zvisingaiti. Kunyange zvazvo dzekare uye biographers, Zvishoma nezvishoma kuunganidza mashoko pamusoro mukuru vanhu, zvikuru yasara USINGAZIKAMWI. Saka iyi - uyo anoziva - pamwe kuvhura nokusingaperi wamboonekwa chokwadi, uye zvinoitika kuti nyanduri akafa, kureva, Pushkin, achiri kanenge kamwe asati nehu- Lermontov kana teura naye shoko ushamwari ... Panguva shamwari chaizvo muduku, yakawiriranwa vaiva nezvakawanda. Gogol nemhuri Karamzin, Zhukovsky uye Smirnova-Rosset, Odoyevski. Kunyange munun'una Alexander, ivo indefatigable playboy Lovushka, akakotama Lermontov muna Pyatigorsk uye Michel kupupura kupopotedzana pamwe "Tsoko" - munhu akapika "shamwari" uye nezveramangwana vaimuuraya Martynov. Pane zvisina kunanga nerunyerekupe kuti vose shasha asi kuonekwa - duku yokunyika bato iri Vsevolozhsk. Zvisinei, kutaura chidhori chake Mikhail havana kuzoshinga, akatambudzika, uye vose Pushkin nguva munhu kutsauswa ... akafa nyanduri Saka, pasina kutaura ramangwana mutsivi wake huru, yakanga zvinoreva upenyu vaviri: pamusoro okugadzira zvinhu. Asi zvinozivikanwa kuti Pushkin rave akanongedza simba nokudzika, chinopenya zviratidzo kumusoro tarenda Lermontov.

History chokusika

Saka, kutanga muna February 1837 zvakashamisa Petersburg, Moscow, uye ipapo rose Russia zviitiko zviviri, zvichida kuenzana kukosha. Chokutanga - kuti "zuva wokuRussia nhetembo kwezuva" kuti Pushkin akafa. Uye yechipiri - chakajairika mazita uye mumusoro, nayo isina mashizha mheni kuchamhembe guta, zvinobikwa "Kufirwa nyanduri." Verse Lermontov akava nechokwadi yokunyika vanhu uye nokuzivisa kuti mune wokufananidzira choushe akakwira idzva, mambo uncrowned. Ushande chigadzirwa, sezviri pachena, Lermontov akatanga Paakangotaura akanzwa runyerekupe pamusoro dzinouraya duel uye vakakuvadzwa. Wokutanga shanduro Mikoko kudzokera February 9 (January 28), kana achiri aikoshesa tariro kuti Pushkin vaizopona. Kunyange zvazvo, ari kutarisira njodzi denouement, Mikhail inoguma nemashoko okuti "Uye pamiromo yake anodhinda ...".

"Kufirwa nyanduri" (Lermontov kwakaita ndima) vaisanganisa nemashoko anotevera 16 mitsetse 10 February, kana anozivikanwa kuti Pushkin hakuchina. Yakanga, pashure akacherechedza wenhau Pan, basa Lermontov yakanga rewritten kane zviuru, nemusoro.

"A nyanduri kuRussia - kupfuura nyanduri!"

ari detembo wacho kukurumbira kwasvika pamwero zvokuti kwave kuudzwa nezve "munhu mukuru". mambo paakasangana pakarepo - kusungwa ane musha, uye ipapo inotevera link iri "inopisa makwapa" kuCaucasus. Lermontov achirwara panguva, nokuti brig haisi kutumwa. Asi shamwari yake Rajewski, uyo panguva kutsvaka parugwaro zvechokwadi asungwa uye akatumira Olonets province. Nokuti chii saka utsinye zvinonyadzisa? Nokuti zvinokosha yevanhu uye socio-enyika chinzvimbo. Pashure pezvose, uyo Rakakwanira Lermontov "Kufirwa nyanduri"? Kwete zvinoshamisa matarenda munyori Aleksandru Sergeevichu Pushkinu, kwete! Talent Russian iwe ave akapa, uye kwete nyika Russian skudeet navo nhasi. Lermontov Pushkin basa - dambudziko kusimba mumudzimu uye varanda, mweya manyoro, mhepo yakachena, vakasununguka, kwete utachiona servility, utsinye uye baseness. Ipapo akadana Pushkin chibhende zvechokwadi: "Iye akazofa nyanduri! - Muranda rukudzo rawa ... "Lermontov, izvi zviviri Mashoko zvakafanana. A mudetembi wechokwadi waMwari, ayo chaiye hachisi kukwanisa nhema, kuita zvinonyangadza, zvinopesana nehana uye tsika pfungwa. Sezvo akataura basa shamwari wemufi, "ari nhetembo kuti Va Lermontov panyaya; vaigona kunyora munhu Zvinonyatsozivikanwa uye vaida Pushkin wedu. "

Nhoroondo ukoshi

Nhetembo "vakaurayiwa nyanduri" Lermontov ichaitika mumabhuku Russian zvikuru. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye dzokutanga uye simba kupfuura mashoko ounyanzvi, ari enhetembo zvavo mamakisi Pushkin - ake "anoshamisa shasha" dzakakurumbira tsika kuti Russia. Panguva iyoyowo, iko kunyora kwake - nechiidzo uye zvitupa Lermontov pachake, ake ehurumende, tsika uye enyika nzvimbo. Sezvo akanyora mutsoropodzi Druzhinin, Mikhail Lermontov kwete chete wekutanga chema mudetembi, asiwo wokutanga angatsunga kukandira "simbi ndima" mukutarisana vaya gleefully vachidzipukuta nemaoko ake uye akaseka nokuzadzisa nenjodzi. "Mambo ndiye akafa - Mambo ngaararame refu!" - saka aigona akasarudzwa pachena nokuchema pamusoro zvakavanzika zvikuru nhoroondo chokuita norufu Aleksandra Pushkina uye kuti "vakaurayiwa nyanduri" (Lermontov kwakaita ndima) akaisa pakati vanyori pamusoro Russian.

nhetembo Genre

"Kufirwa nyanduri" - panguva yakatarwa ode uye oma satire imwe nguva. Nhetembo rine, rumwe rutivi, Madhindindi wongororo nezveanomiririrwa mukuru Pushkin. Rumwe - akatsamwa uye kusasarura kutsoropodzwa vatsoropodzi ake, rokunyika vanhu inotungamirirwa Kesari uye yepedyo vanokudzwa, mapurisa mukuru Benkendorf, boka vatsoropodzi uye censors, asina kuda kurarama uye vepachokwadi, rusununguko-rudo, akachenjera, kuda uye kuvhenekerwa pfungwa neururami rakapinda munzanga. Zvokuti yavaibatisa pfungwa uye mweya evechiduku pasi pejoko enyika kuita. Emperor Nicholas haana kumbokanganwa pamusoro nezvakaitika December 14, 1825, apo akazunungusa chigaro vatongi Russian. , Ndosaka "Kufirwa nyanduri" aikoshesa pachena chikumbiro kuti chimurenga. Odic mutsetse akanyorwa yakatarwa, "mukuru" manyorerwo uye ane akakodzera mashoko. Satirical vakagadzirawo enderana aesthetic canons. Saka, Lermontov akaita zvinoshamisa rinopindirana kubatana ne-siyana Genres.

The Kuronga nhetembo

"Kufirwa nyanduri" - detembo ane zvakarurama kunzwisisa uye panguva imwe chete yakajeka, zvakanaka pfungwa uye akarongeka sezvamunoita. Maererano zviri mairi ndiye akawanda akanyatsosiyanisa zvimedu. Zvinonzwisisika mumwe vapedza, zvinonzi kusiyaniswa Kugadzira aro, yokusafa pathos uye pfungwa. asi ivo chete sangano uye inozviisa mukuru zvinoreva basa. Pakuongorora murwiyo, zvinokwanisika kuziva nezvenyaya uye pfungwa basa.

Theme, pfungwa, matambudziko

Chikamu chokutanga inoumbwa 33 mitsetse, simba, kutsamwa, kunosimbisa kuti rufu Pushkin - ". Nyika" kwete mugumisiro zvakasikwa kosi zviitiko, asi chinangwa uye nemaune kuuraya munhu, oga vakapandukira maonero Rufu - chirango kuedza, saka, muve pachako, gara wechokwadi tarenda rake uye bumbiro rukudzo. Lermontov pfupi uye yakarurama. For dzakananga soulless muurayi ane catcher "kufara uye zvinzvimbo" "inotonhora mikukutu" ndizvo zvichaitika chaizvo ( "mugumo chikaitika mutongo"). Mikhail Izvi anoona zvaireva tsaona, "vanodada vazukuru" akakurumbira utsinye kuzvara musingakanganwiri kumupomera mashoko ari kero yake. Ivo vanotya tsika autocracy uye serfdom, nekuti ivo - hwaro zvakanaka zvavo kare, zvanhasi uye nezveramangwana. Uye munhu wose anoshinga vanokanganisa kwavari, anofanira kuparadzwa! Hazvinei ruoko French Dantes, kana ani zvake. Pashure pezvose, Lermontov pachake akafa makore mashoma gare gare "Dantes Russian" - Martynov. Chikamu nhetembo (23 mitsetse) wechipiri akaenzana digression. Mikhail asinganyimi musoro dzinocherwa ake zvikuru pachake uye anodiwa kwaari mufananidzo Pushkin. The nhetembo azara enhetembo manhamba: .. Antithetical, isina mhinduro mibvunzo, unodanidzira, etc. The okupedzisira (16 mitsetse) - zvakare satire, yambiro inotyisa kuvakuru, mutongo, nguva dare uye nhoroondo kuti acharanga matsotsi uye kupembedza mhosva. The rouprofita mutsetse, nokuti nzira zvakaitika ...