Ancient Rus: rwokugadzira, avo mifananidzo, kukura

Kuparadzwa zvaiita-dzemadzinza noukama uye kwaita vanachiremba wakamanikana sectors - kuti kuchinja izvi dzinoratidzwa rechisere uye rechipfumbamwe emakore Ancient Rus. Crafts kukonzera maguta, raiparadzanisa yevagari kubva basa pasi. Izvi imhaka veMubatanidzwa okutanga vanachiremba - vanatenzi mune mamwe raanoziva, iyo kusimbiswa dzokumaruwa nzvimbo - maguta.

Cities - Craft Centers

Takaedza kuvaka guta zvokuti nenzvimbo nzvimbo yacho inobvumira zvose kutengeserana kunogona kuitwa nani uye panguva imwecheteyo akabudirira kuzvidzivirira nevavengi. Somuenzaniso, pane imwe nzvimbo nzizi mbiri, kana vakakomberedza chikomo. Mumaguta, akagadzirisa namachinda. Saka, vari zvakanaka kudzivirirwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe kukura rwokugadzira, guta rakatanga kumiririra masvingo zvechiuto kwete chete uye kukava kunotenga dzezvitoro.

The peguta ndiye Kremlin, aigara Prince. chikamu ichi akanyudzwa pamwe nhare norusvingo uye rwakapoteredza yevhu runodzivirira. Uyezve, kumativi kuchera mugoronga zvakadzama izvo wakazara mvura. zvokungwarira zvose izvi inodiwa kudzivirira nevavengi. Panze, vakakomba Kremlin aiva kugarwa remhizha anonzi ugari. Ndakadana chikamu ichi muguta Posad. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye chikamu ichi akanga takapoteredzwa rusvingo kuzvidzivirira.

Life muguta rakanga chipatapata, ari nyanzvi dzokugadzira kusika zvigadzirwa, raanoziva, vagotengeseranamo Ancient Russia nokushingaira yakatanga. By regumi namaviri remakore ikoko pamusoro matanhatu handicraft ounyanzvi hwokugadzira vaiva. Masters nyanzvi kugadzirwa nguvo, nemidziyo nematurusi zvinodiwa ne Rus yekare. Crafts Ancient Russia vakava nokukurumidza uye nokukurumidza. In namagariro aigara uye aishanda matarenda nyanzvi dzakasiyana nzvimbo: Tenzi mhizha, zvishongo, kuumba, vanogadzira shangu, tailors, varuki, ibwe-vematombo, vamiririri dzimwe ounyanzvi. Hands remhizha izvi pakusika upfumi pfuma uye simba yekare Russian mamiriro, mukuru zvinhu zvayo uye tsika pakunamata.

Pasina simbi - kwese

Mapiyona nyanzvi vaiva mhizha. nyaya yavo yava imwe nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha kuti vakakamurwa Crafts Ancient Rus 9-12 remakore. basa iri kutaurwa National epics uye ngano: epics, ngano uye rengano, apo mupfuri anogara muenzaniso simba, ushingi uye mutsa. Panguva iyoyo, simbi yaunganidzwa kubvunda pamusoro deveteve esimbi. Mined kwaro kure-mwaka, akaomeswa uye waendeswa mumusangano apo pachishandiswa anokosha yamavira vakanyauka. Saka kuwana simbi. Modern vanochera matongo panguva kupikidura maguta ekare kakawanda kuwana slags izvo the scum simbi kwacho nesimbi, uye zvinoshingaira ndokugadzira nezvidimbu zvesimbi vakawanda. Found zvasara mupfuri zvitoro vakachengeta regomo uye yamavira pedyo iri imwe nguva aishanda mhizha.

Tsvaga mupfuri chinhu: zvose varwi uye tillers

With kukura kugadzirwa simbi anotanga itsva ose kukura wezvokutengeserana, izvo kare havana kuziva vaigara munyika Kurima. Crafts yeRussia yekare, kunyanya blacksmithing, akanga vakaratidza rinoshanda nemunhu. The zvigadzirwa zvinoitwa mhizha, zvose zvinodiwa. Vanoda masoja vari akarayira chombo - arrowheads, hondo namatemo, minondo, namapfumo, minondo - uye unodzivirira nenguvo - Chain tsamba uye nengowani. zvombo kugadzirwa yakasvika kare Rus kunyanya pamwero unyanzvi anogona kunzi unyanzvi. Unique zvombo vaakawana pamakuva uye makuva pamusoro Kiev, Chernigov nemamwe maguta.

zvokushandisa akasonerapo simbi zvinodiwa varimi: pasina dzaiva nemajeko esimbi, majeko, openers, mapadza vakanga sanzwisisika nyika kugadzira. Chero upfumi waida tsono, mapanga, masaha, Vhudzi, makiyi, uye nezvimwe zvemumba kugadzirwa ari echoto matarenda mhizha. Inowanikwa kuvigwa vanatenzi ose blacksmithing vakaratidza kuti kunyange muguva, pamwe mhizha vakaenda maturusi avo - sando uye anvils, chezero nembato.

Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofungidzira kuti vanopfuura 150 mhando simbi zvigadzirwa anozivikanwa regumi remakore Ancient Russia. Crafts Ancient Russia akaita basa rinokosha kukura kutengeserana pakati misha.

Unyanzvi asika zvishongo

Tenzi mhizha uye dzimwe nguva kuita basa rakanaka, nokusika vaduku ounyanzvi - kwezvishongo. Zvishoma nezvishoma goldsmithery mabhizimisi iri dzinounzwa ari oga bazi. Saka paiva damas raanoziva muRussia yekare. vatenzi Russian saka muridzi zvakanaka midziyo kugadzira zvishongo vakakoniwa chete vanonetseka sei vakabudirira. Burukirai nguva yedu nokuchenjera zvinhu - mazango yendarira, pendants, simbi dzemabhande emabhurukwa, mhete nezvomumutsipa - zvinoshamisa namano mukugadzira. Jewelry vakasikwa unyanzvi granulation, pamusoro pavo soldered nomufananidzo chakavakirwa muzvizhinji kuti balls zvesimbi. Chimwe nzira yokuita zvishongo zvakanga muzviruva. Izvi chidobi kunoratidzwa muna kuti dzakaonda waya mufanidzo akasikwa izvo soldered kuti pemvura resimbi, kwaizoita Makwanza vakazadzwa enamel mavara akasiyana. Inoziva jewelers uye nhamba Kudzingwa, uyewo rinoda chaiwo uri Mobile michini kana riri pamusoro mutema nechekumashure semufananidzo kwamahwendefa zvesirivha. To dzakararama yakaisvonaka inlaid nendarama nesirivha pamusoro nesimbi nemhangura. akaoma mitoo yakadai inoratidza refu azvipire budiriro yakasvika rwokugadzira muRussia yekare. Saka, maoko mhizha yekare akasika mukuru-ukoshi zvishongo kwakaitwa magadzirirwo pamusoro cloisonne enamel. Yakanga kupiswa yaingowanikwa wokuRussia goldsmithery ndege. Unyanzvi jewelers Russian vaiva unyanzvi zvakaoma chaizvo, uye mabasa avo akaparadzirwa munyika yose uye panguva imwecheteyo kwese vanokosheswa uye kudiwa kukuru.

Uye zvidhinha, uye ndiro sculpted kwose kwose

Zvehari weRussia yekare yakazvimirira bazi Papera mhizha. vhiri omuumbi aonekwa madzibaba edu regumi remakore. Izvi akabvumira mhizha vekare kusika zvinhu akanaka. muchina mudziyo waiva nyore, akazotamira pamwe rutsoka nemotokari, asi ndiro kuti vanokwanisa kusika vaumbi nguva, achirova unyanzvi zvisikwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Pakutanga, kugadzirwa zvehari raiva vakadzi basa. Zvisinei, mabhuku remanyoro Kievan Rus 'pane kutaura chete chevaumbi-varume.

Vakashandisa dope nokuda zvigadzirwa zvavo, izvo zvikuru kubatwa soaking mvura uye tichishingaira kutambanuka. Mukuru kudiwa kubva zvose zvehari inoshandiswa hari nedzimwe mumidziyo, izvo vakaitwa zvakasiyana pakukura uye kushandiswa zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana, vanogona kudirwa mvura kana chitoro zvigadzirwa, michero. Hari zvaiiswa muchoto uye yakabikwa chikafu. ndiro kwakadaro chinopukunyuka kusvikira nhasi.

Chii chinozivikanwa pamusoro Old Masters?

Richirondedzera dzamaoko yekare Rus 9-12 remakore, muchidimbu dzinoti Russian necheSalvic chiKristu nguva vakakwanisa kuita nekusimbisa, nebefu, uchibereka Ceramics, nyanzvi unyanzvi wakaisvonaka dzakarukwa, nomukurumbira avo umhizha enamels. Kuti apukunyuke basa Kiev vemifananidzo. Izvi rakasiyana kuvesa mapatani mapfupa, blackening, runyoro pamusoro simbi. Vaiva nomukurumbira munyika yose dzekare mutauro wokuRussia glassmaking uye usina kukonekita.

Various webasa nyanzvi Ancient Rus, asi zvikuru unyanzvi vavo matanda kugadzira. Izvi zvinhu kuvaka zvivako imba, dzimba, namasuwo uye mabhiriji, nhare masvingo. zvikepe Wooden vaiva, zvose midziyo zvoupfumi lavishly akashongedzwa woodcarvings. Hazvina chakavanzika huru chirangaridzo chinotaura unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira muna Rus yekare, mumwe matryoshka - rina mavara mavara akapendwa yemapuranga mudhori pamwe kusaziva mukati. Pauri -bereka vakataurirana zvakadai runako, uye mumwe nomumwe duku zvishoma pane yapfuura mumwe.

Art mifananidzo

Decorative uye vakashandisa unyanzvi rwokugadzira yeRussia yekare vaiva nomukurumbira kure nemiganhu yayo. Kubvira kare kare madzitateguru edu vanoyemurwa zvose pamusoro nyika nokuda kwayo iwe hwokudhirowa mifananidzo. A siyana hwakarongwa motifs muchiRussia chishongo chakaita kuti chidzoke dzakasiyana zvikoro uye maitiro zvavo unyanzvi. Nokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo inozivikanwa warwo ruvara uye mutsetse.

Gzhel

Bright yebhuruu cobalt kupenda on chena kumashure porcelain rinonzi Gzhel, iyo yakaitika nezita reguta pedyo Moscow, apo ichi kuitika akaberekwa. Kokutanga zvakanyorwa anotaurwa bumbiro pamusoro Ivan Kalita. Chokutanga, tenzi akaita midziyo uye matoyi, gare gare, pamwe kukura kugadzirwa, kuwanda kwaita kuwedzera zvikuru. Kunyanya nevakawanda choto usina kukonekita. Gzhel Ceramics akava akakurumbira munyika yose. Other Mifananidzo amadzitateguru edu yakagamuchirawo madunhurirwa yavo nzvimbo zvakasikwa uye kuparadzira.

Bright Mavara ari rima kumashure

Zhostovo kupenda - unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira muRussia yekare, vasvika nemasere remakore kubva musha pedyo Moscow pamwe chete zita. Ane mafuta kupenda pamusoro simbi dzacho. Zviri nyore kuziva kuti rakajeka mavara maruva, michero, shiri, riri pamusoro rima background. Akuvadzwa mapatani vari ipapo yakafukidzwa chaiwo varnish, saka vane kupenyerera chitarisiko. Uyu mufananidzo chidobi rakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa, mufananidzo wakasikwa mumatanho dzakawanda.

anofara zvikuru mavara zvinofadza meso, saka zviumbwe dzakakurumbira chaizvo muRussia uye vachiri tiri decoration chinhu mudzimba zhinji uye mahofisi.

Palekh

Kubva reruwa centre iri Ivanovo kumiganhu Palekh vakasiyana. Izvi mhando raanoziva chinhu lacquer muenzaniso pamusoro chigadzirwa. Dzinounzwa pamusoro dema kumashure mavara ngano, zvipfuwo, nyaya dzechitendero vashongedze caskets, yokuisa mari uye zvimwe zvinhu. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti Palekh lacquer vakasiyana akazviratidza muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, kana maguta vanokura uye zvokutengeserana zvakasiyana Ancient Rus. Crafts vakaberekerwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kwakadaro nenzira yekare rwokugadzira, kufanana Palekh miniatures, akasika yekare Russian kuvake Painters. In Palekh unyanzvi vemifananidzo akararama, uyo akagamuchira mapepa kubva kumatunhu ose Russian kuti kushanda emifananidzo mutemberi uye machechi. Zvakanga avo vakatanga kupenda mabhokisi zvemarudzi ose tarenda uye nhoroondo nyaya. zvifananidzo zvose anechekuita inopenya tempera pendi pamusoro munhu mutema background.

Mabikirwo ichi mhando raanoziva rakanyatsojeka yakaoma, muitiro unoparadza nguva-chaizvo rakasikwa thumbnails uye multi-pachikuva. Dzidza tenzi zvinotora nguva refu, asi mugumisiro wacho kazhinji bhokisi rima riri rinochinjwa kuva yakasiyana runako chinhu.

Khokhloma

Rumwe rudzi rwake-painting pamusoro pehuni - ndiye Khokhloma, yakabuda makore anopfuura mazana matatu apfuura. Nemidziyo zvemumba, aisiya inopenya-tsvuku maruva ndirumbidzwe kusiyana kwavo. Mapatani, shangu mune zvishongo akanaka, chinofadza ziso uye mumazuva edu. Mukusika Kokhloma zvigadzirwa vane pakavanda, riri kuti pane kakawanda varnished, ipapo kutsamwa muvira. Somugumisiro vachiridzira ari unhani yellowing, uye zvigadzirwa zvakasikwa kubva huni, gilded sokuti midziyo inokosha. Uyezve, somugumisiro tableware kubudiswa akadaro anova zvikukutu. pabutiro rayo rinobvumira kushandiswa Khokhloma mikombe, nembiya, nezvirongo nobgoni - kuchengetera zvokudya zvokudya.

dzakakurumbira Prints

Lubok - rumwe chevarwere uri mhando, anomirira rwokugadzira kweRussia yekare. Session kutangwa wakagadzwa anodhinda papepa uchishandisa remuti ndiro. Kwakadaro zvavo mifananidzo akaparadzirwa wakanaka zvokutengeserana sezvo mangwanani sezvo nemanomwe remakore uye kusvikira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri vaiva zvikuru nevanhu uye zvakajairika mhando wokuRussia yakanaka unyanzvi. Zvinhu vakaratidza lubok vari siyana chaizvo: zvitendero uye munyaya dzetsika misoro, chevarwere epics uye rengano, nhoroondo uye zvokurapa mashoko, ayo nguva dzose pamwe wenyaya duku, izvo zvinogona anorayiridza kana chinosetsa uye kuudzwa tsika nguva kwake yokusafa uchenjeri vanhu.

Crafts yeRussia yekare, remakore rechi18: Russian samovar

Unyanzvi hwedu mhizha Russian, tinogona kuva kudada. Nhasi, basa ravo kuonekwa kwete chete mumamiziyamu, asiwo mudzimba dzedu pachedu. Dzimwe mhando rwokugadzira muRussia yekare vaiva kunyanya dzakakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, munyika yedu uye nanhasi akawana Tula samovar. Mugore regumi namasere remakore paive anopfuura mazana maviri akasiyana zvigadzirwa izvi. Munguva yedu muguta Tula, pane kunyange miziyamu pamusoro samovars.

Ndivanaani vaiva vatenzi wokutanga, uri inozivikanwa Ancient Rus? Crafts, zvinosuruvarisa ukasachengeta mazita creators avo. Asi isu kutaura zvinhu vaburukira kwatiri kubva panguva yakare. Pakati pavo vane yakasiyana uye zvisingawanzoitiki zvinhu, mhuri nemidziyo, asi chimwe nechimwe chigadzirwa anonzwa unyanzvi uye ruzivo remhizha yekare.