Anthropologism uye chinja zvoruzivo - zviri ...

Chinja uye anthropologism - mumwe dzinokosha uzivi. Pasinei chokwadi kuti nheyo idzi dzave isimbiswe ichangobva, havana akazviratidza pamwe chidzoke vokutanga dzomunyika. Kunyanya mberi kwave kuitika in Ancient Greece zvikurukuru vakaita navo vaSophist.

chinja

Chinja zvoruzivo - ichi ndicho musimboti kuti zvose muupenyu ihama uye anoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye mafungiro. Zvingakubatsira anosimbisa kubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pamwe kwavo kuzviitira maitiro uye zvivako. Maererano neizvi, sezvo zvose zvinhu vane kuzviitira maitiro, kuvimbika kwavo anongokurukurwa nokutsoropodzwa uye kushanda zvose zvinhu zvinogona achimiririrwa dzenhema uye yakakanganiswa. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu achiti, "Ipa mienzaniso muuzivi chinja", izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa zvinotevera vaitaura: shumba inouraya nyama yawo. chipo Izvi kuzviitira nokuti, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana, zvinogona akanaka kana akaipa. Kana akuvara ari zvayo, ipapo zvakanaka, nekuti awa mitemo mhuka nyika, asi kana munhu ari murume - zvino pfungwa anova kunaka. chinja ichi uye mujeri.

Zvichienderana pairi pamusoro sei iwe kutarira ichi mamiriro ezvinhu, unogona kuva zvakanaka kana zvakaipa, chokwadi kana kuti nhema, yakarurama kana kururama. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti vazivi vakawanda funga chinja sezvo chirwere uzivi ano.

Chinja uye anthropologism vaSophist

VaSophist muGirisi yekare inonzi vanhu vakazvitsaurira chose pachavo kuti basa mupfungwa. Setsika, ivo vaSophist vaiva vazivi, uyewo nevaya vakadzidza zvematongerwo enyika, kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi, mutemo uye vamwe. Akakurumbira kupfuura vaSophist nguva vaiva Solon, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, Socrates, Protagoras, Prodicus, Hippias nevamwe. Anthropologism, subjectivism uye chinja ndiyo muuzivi vaSophist akava hwaro zvinenge zvose ano uzivi.

Chimwe chikuru zvaiva vaSophist raiva pakati dzidziso dzavo, ivo nguva dzose isa panzvimbo yokutanga munhu. Anthropocentrism akanga Hapana mubvunzo hwaro dzidziso dzavo, sezvo vaifunga kuti chero chinhu pakawanda chokuita nomunhu.

Chimwe chinokosha vaSophist aiva subjectivity uye relativity nezivo yose, nokuti, sezvo masayendisiti vanoti nguva, ruzivo zvose, pfungwa kana kuongorora anogona akabvunza, kana tikatarisa kubva mhiri. Mienzaniso yakadaro uzivi anogona kuwanikwa zvinenge vose vaSophist. Izvi zvakakwana inoratidza rinozivikanwa Mutsara Protagoras: "Munhu - ndiwo mwero zvinhu zvose", nokuti sei vanhu vaongorore zvinhu, uye zvinoenderana sei panoonekwa navo. Socrates vaiona hama zvetsika uye tsika, Parmenides aifarira muitiro kuongorora zvinhu, uye Protagoras waitsigira pfungwa nezvokuti zvose ino hunoyerwa kuburikidza prism zviri zvido uye zvinangwa wacho. Anthropologism uye chinja pakati vaSophist uzivi akawana kukura kwavo hwakazotevera munhoroondo epochs.

Kugadzirwa chinja pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvokukura nhoroondo

Kokutanga musimboti chinja, dzakaumbwa muGirisi yekare, kunyanya kuitwa vaSophist. Gare gare musimboti ichi inopfuura uye chokwadi umo ruzivo zvose zviri kuzviitira, sezvo vanonzi zvichienderana enhoroondo ezvinhu kuti paumbwe zvishande muitiro. Maererano neizvi, ruzivo zvose ari kutsausa pachako.

relativity musimboti rinoshandiswawo muna 16-17th emakore sepokutangira kutsoropodzwa dogmatism. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvakaitwa Erazm Rotterdamsky, Bayle, mbuya nevamwe. It rinoshandiswawo sehwaro chinja idealist empiricism, uye aivawo hwaro metaphysics. Nokufamba kwenguva, pane dzimwe mienzaniso muuzivi chinja, rwakazokura yoga nzira.

epistemological chinja

Epistemology, kana ruzivo - ndiko nheyo relativity. Epistemological chinja zvoruzivo - kurambwa rakazara yokuti ruzivo anogona akure. Process ruzivo chinorondedzerwa se zvakadaro, riri zvachose novimba zvimwe zvinhu: zvipenyu zvinodiwa nomunhu, mupfungwa uye mupfungwa ezvinhu, kuvapo yokungotaura dzakashandiswa musoro fomu and said.

Chokwadi kuti kukura zivo Pose pavaipfuura relativists ona sezvo mukuru hwokuti ayo falsity uye inaccuracy, nekuti ruzivo haagoni kuchinja uye kukura, vanofanira inonzwisisika uye yakatsiga. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti nokumunyima ari mukana zvinhu sezvazviri zvavo, uyewo kupedza agnosticism.

panyama chinja

relativity musimboti ane chikumbiro nharaunda kwete chete uzivi uye nevanhu uye sayenzi munzanga, asi wefizikisi uye quantum Vanamakanika. Panyaya iyi, chidzidzo ndechokuti panodikanwa kuti uongorore zvakare yose pfungwa dzenhoroondo Vanamakanika, akadai nguva, vakawanda, nyaya, nzvimbo uye nevamwe.

Mugadziriro yechinangwa kududzirwa musimboti ichi, Einstein akatanga rokuti "muoni", iro rinotsanangura munhu anoshanda zvimwe kuzviitira zvinhu. Panyaya iyi, kudzidza chinhu ichi uye dudziro chokwadi kunoenderana kuzviitira nepfungwa yacho mucherechedzi.

aesthetic chinja

Aesthetic chinja zvoruzivo - ndiwo musimboti, anotanga kuoneka Ages. Pfungwa iri inobhadharwa Vitelon ichi. Pamabasa ake, aifarira pfungwa runako kubva mupfungwa pfungwa maonero. Akataura kuti pfungwa runako Ukuwo rimwe unochinja chaizvo, uye Ukuwo ane zvimwe kugadzikana. Somuenzaniso, akataura kuti Moors vanosarudza mumwe ruvara, ukuwo Scandinavians vari zvakasiyana. Aidavira kuti kunoenderana dzidzo netsika uye mamiriro ezvinhu umo munhu akakura.

In hurukuro yake Vitelon akauya chinja, nokuti aitenda kuti akakwana ane hama. Chinhu chinoshamisa vamwe, kwete saka vamwe, uye ane mamwe zvikonzero kuzviitira. Kunze, chii chimwe munhu anowana rakanaka, aigona kuona anotyisa pamwe nguva. Panobva izvi zvinhu pazvinenge siyana uye nzvimbo.

Moral (zvetsika) relativity

Moral chinja zvoruzivo - ndiwo musimboti kuti zvakanaka kana zvakaipa kwayo Mhedziso chimiro hakuwaniki pfungwa. It anoramba chero tsika dzemunharaunda uye kuvapo chero nzira pamusoro chokwadi kuti tsika dzakadaro uye netsika. Vamwe vazivi kuona musimboti tsika chinja sezvo madiro, nepo vamwe kuzviona somunhu reruwa dudziro yakanaka uye zvakaipa. Yetsika chinja zvoruzivo - ndiwo musimboti, izvo zvinoratidza zvimiso yetsika dzemunharaunda maererano pfungwa zvakanaka uye zvakaipa. Maererano neizvi, panguva dzakasiyana, mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana zvakafanana pfungwa tsika haigoni chete kuenderana, asiwo kuti asingatombodi chose kune mumwe. Chero netsika ihama nokuti kuti pazera chakanaka chaizvo uye zvakaipa.

nemagariro chinja

Cultural chinja zvoruzivo - ndiwo musimboti randinogara mune chokwadi chokuti chinhu hurongwa nokukoshesa tsika akaramba zvose, uye tsika dzose vanoonekwa kuti zvachose zvakaenzana. mirayiridzo iyi wakaradzikwa Fran Boas. Somuenzaniso, munyori inoshandisa American uye European netsika, izvo vasataure mitemo yavo yetsika iri dzimwe nyika.

Cultural chinja zvoruzivo -. Ndiro zano iro anofunga Mapato akadai monogamy uye barika, magariro mukurumbira, munhui mabasa, tsika, maitiro, uye dzimwe tsika dzokuita pasina nzvimbo dzokugara, chitendero uye zvimwewo. nemagariro Pfungwa All anogona kunzi sezvo chikamu munhu akakurira netsika iyi, uye kubva murume akarerwa yakasiyana mutsika. Views musi iwoyo tsika sokuti zvakapesana. Panguva iyoyo nayo inoita basa rinokosha anthropologism sezvo kuchikonzerwa munhu anomira pakati netsika dzose.

anthropologism

Anthropologism - ndiwo musimboti uzivi, iro kunoonekwa kiyi chikamu yokuti "munhu." Vanhu ndivo musimboti Mapato akadai byte, tsika, vanhu, vanhu, hunhu uye vamwe. Anthropologism musimboti akazviratidza pakutanga kwenzanga asi Parainge yakasvika muna 18- 21 emakore.

Mazuva uzivi anthropologism anoedza panotaurwa kubatana zvesayenzi uye dzouzivi kusvika pamusoro yokuti "munhu." Anthropologism ari sayenzi yemazuva inenge zvose kuti kuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana munhu. Zvikurukuru zvakanaka pfungwa iyi munyaya imwe anthropologism kwouzivi anoedza kunyatsonzwisisa pfungwa "murume."

Anthropocentrism - hwaro anthropologism

Hwaro anthropologism ndiko anthropocentrism, maererano iyo munhu - ndiwo musimboti zvose. Asi iye anthropologism uyo kazhinji rinoongorora ndiye zvipenyu musimboti murume, anthropocentrism kufarira kwake mumagariro hunhu.

Maererano anthropocentrism, murume ndiye nheyo wobvunzisisa zvose youzivi. Vanotsvakurudza ruzivo vakawanda kunyange pfungwa uzivi ichaongororwa sezvo kutsvaka uye kunzwisisa vanhu bytya dzavo uye kuvapo. Saka, zviri kuburikidza hunhu wemunhu, hunhu hwake uye mugumo vangazivikanwa anenge zvose zvinetso kwouzivi zvinomuka chero munhoroondo ichikosha.

Historical budiriro anthropologism

Anthropologism anonyanya kuri mumashoko European mutsika, asi vazhinji zvarinotaura anogona kuwanikwa kumabvazuva. Kana Nezvekwakabva achitungamirirwa, ipapo nzvimbo iyi hadzina kare. Zvakawanda mbiri pano ndezvevanhu Socrates, Protagoras, Plato, nevamwe. Pfungwa dzinofanira kupiwa mabasa Aristotle, uyo akaongorora yakawanda mumuviri uye mupfungwa misoro chokuita nevanhu.

Mune imwe nzira vanhu dzaitaurwa mukududzira yechiKristu. Man rwunoonekwa mutembere, iyo unobereka rupawo Musiki. Pano, kunze anthropocentrism, panewo Theocentricism, mumwoyo nemaonero ndiMwari. Panguva iyi, pakutanga pane mweya wemunhu, unhu hwake uye manzwiro.

Renaissance anounza musimboti Humanism, inova rakasiyana uya raishandiswa Ages. Humanism hunotanga inobva pakunzwisisa ouzivi murume uye rusununguko womunhu munhu. 17-18 remakore nevafungi nehanya hunhu wemunhu, magumo ake, nzvimbo yake ino. Kuvhenekerwa vakaedza kuziva munhu achishandisa sayenzi chaiyo uye chikonzero. Izvi zvaitwa Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot nevamwe.

Tevera yaitonga akatanga uongorore zvakare dzisiri pezvakaitwa zhinji. Anthropologism kunodzorwa muuzivi Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, uye Scheler. To musi anthropologism yasara hwaro uzivi ano uye ayo nzira dzakasiyana.

Anthropologism uye chinja - ndicho dzinokosha uzivi ano. Various zvinhu nzvimbo idzi ndeyemunguva vekare, zvisinei, uye havana kurasa kushanda kwavo nhasi.