Brief Biography Ivana Fedorova - piyona, nokuti vakuru nevana zvakanyorwa

Nhasi, tava mabhuku chinowanzoitwa - mabhuku, magazini, nemapepanhau. Vane isingadhuri, zvinonzi nevakawanda kuwanika, ndokusaka mafungiro kwavari kazhinji asingaremekedzi uye hanya. Uye kamwe bhuku rakanga anodhura kupfuura goridhe, ivo muridzi chete mufumi chaizvo. Pakasikwa bhuku rimwe chete vakapedza makore akawanda, dzimwe nguva kwemakumi emakore. Zvaiva zvakaoma uye painstaking remaoko, uye kodzero kuva munyori kwainzi neropafadzo, izvo zvinogona kuwana kwete vose.

MuEurope, zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja nepakati remakore rechi15, apo German Johann Gutenberg akazogadzira muchina wokudhinda. MuRussia, wokutanga wokudhinda varayirwa Ioanna Groznogo muna 1563 akavaka Ivan Fedorov. Tinozivei nezvazvo nhasi? Brief Biography Ivana Fedorova - piyona, vana uye vakuru vachava kunakidza chaizvo. Ngachipiwe pazasi.

mavambo

Nokuti vamwe dzekare havazivi zuva nenzvimbo yekuzvarwa Ivana Fedorova, dzinza rake. Zvinonzi Zvisinei vakatenda, kuti akaberekwa muna Moscow, kumwe pakati pamakore 1510 uye 1530, vaiva yekare Belarusian Ragozina. vaongorori vakawanda upenyu piyona vanosimbirira kuti akazvarwa muna 1510 muna Kaluga province.

Tanga Biography

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Ivan Fedorov akadzidza paUniversity Cracow 1529 kuti 1532 uye akagamuchira tsvimborume kuti dhigirii. nhoroondo iyi Akachengetedzwa University yamabhuku. Zvichida zvakanga pano kuti akatanga anzwa Typography.

Kare guru, jaya vakabatana Church of St. Nicholas Gostunskii. Akadzidza, zvakanaka-verenga, zvakanaka akatunhidzwa, akauya pasi patronage pamusoro Metropolitan Macarius. The yokupedzisira yakanga pedyo chevaux Ivan anotyisa, uye zvingangodaro kuti ndiye vataurira kuronzesa pakusikwa wokutanga wokudhinda anokwanisa jaya muRussia.

Kuvakwa Russian zvokudhinda imba yokutanga

Brief Biography Ivana Fedorova - piyona, vana uye vakuru anoratidza chinokosha chokwadi. Muna 1550, upenyu Fedorov akaita unopinza jana. By zvarayirwa Ioanna Groznogo akanga akarayirwa kuronga kudhindwa. Yakatanga hombe kushanda pamusoro umhare kudhinda wokutanga Russian. Vakavimbika vabatsiri piyona rakaoma akava Peter Mstislavets uye Marusha Nerefev. Mabasa apera chete muna 1563.

"Mupositora" uye "Breviary"

April 17, 1563 tenzi akatanga kusika wokutanga bhuku "MuApostora." Yakapera rinenge gore. Pamutemo musi ayo bhuku iri kuonekwa March 1, 1564.

Chero mupfupi Biography pamusoro Ivan Fedorov - piyona, vana kana kuti vakuru kunyora, iva nechokwadi kuti kutaura bhuku iri, asi anosuwa vakadaro zvinonakidza chokwadi:

• bhuku akanga 268 machira, izvo 262 kuverengwa;
• It rakabudiswa mumutauro Old kwechiSlavonic;
• Kudhinda akashandisa zvitsvuku uye dema, red zita zvitsauko akadhindwa;
• tsamba yokutanga pakutanga nechimwe chitsauko itsva chakatorwa noruoko kubudikidza Artists;
• Mumwe chitsauko rave anohukomba yakanaka maruva chishongo dzakaitwa nemaoko;
• zvachose riparadzirwe "Mupositora" aiva makopi 1,000, izvo 47 chete vakapona.

Muna 1565, shanduro mbiri akasunungurwa yechipiri bhuku - ". Breviary" Pakati makopi 345 kuti achiripo 7 chete.

kubhururuka

Next, pfupi Biography pamusoro Ivan Fedorov - piyona, vana uye vakuru kunyora, anotiudza kuti aifanira kutiza kuMoscow. Paiva zvikonzero zvinoverengeka:

• kupayona akarwa chiedza chikuru kuti kutya kuti aizoita kuverenga uye kunyora bhuku kudhinda nyore vanhuwo uye vanhu vakadzidza zvakawanda zvakaoma ishande;
• Vakanga vasingagutsikani nevanyori iri dzemamongi, uyo chaizvoizvo vakarasikirwa chingwa zvavo;
• Vafundisi vakazivisa diabolical michina imba rokudhinda.

Achapesana kuti kutiza akapa dzimba muna 1566, iyo kwakaguma aidhinda wokutanga Ivan Fedorov varasikirwa zvose nezvinhu. Akaenda kuna Lithuania.

Lithuanian kumwedzi

Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania akanga akachingamidza rakadhindwa vendarama. Wokutanga aidhinda Ivan Fyodorov vachishandisa Hetman Chodkiewicz akavaka itsva pakudhinda chirimwa muna Zabludovo. Muna 1568-1569 gg. Zvakanzi rakabudiswa "evhangeri didactic", uye muna 1570 vakaona kusunungurwa "Psalter ne chasoslovtsem".

Nokuda kwechikonzero chisingazivikanwi Chodkiewicz pakarepo akagura mari kuti kudhinda, Fedorov chaauya musha muduku uye zano kuita kurima. Ivan Fedorov - piyona, mumwe Biography pfupi vana uye vakuru inorondedzerwa munyaya, akaramba akatendeka kusvikira mhaka yake. Akaunganidza zvavo uye nemhuri (munoziva, kuti aiva mudzimai nevana) vakatamira kuguta.

Basa muLviv

Kechitatu, wokutanga aidhinda Ivan Fyodorov akatanga upenyu patsva. Akaronga imba imwe okudhindira, apo muna 1574 akabudisa 2 mabhuku:

• "Mupositora" pamwe kuwedzererwa uye padzimwe;
• "Primer".

The yokupedzisira - rimwe remabhuku chinokosha munyika. Tisati nguva yedu yasvika chete 1 chiitiko chacho. Nhasi, zvinoita anochengeterwa Harvard raibhurari.

Kufambira uye madokero

Muna 1575, Fedorov akokwa nomumwe vakapfuma Vanokudzwa - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, vane wokudhinda mujeri muna Volyn. Pioneer akabvuma uye akatamira zvakare kune imwe nzvimbo itsva. Pane mari wamambo akaronga kuti muchina wokudhinda.

Ostrog aiva nguva muupenyu Ivan Fedorov unobereka kwazvo. Pamwe 1578 uye 1581 makore. akavasunungurira 6 mabhuku.

Muna 1582, kuti kupirinda nyaya tenzi akadzokera kumhuri yake Lvov, apo akafa urombo muna 1583. Akavigwa kumonasitiri St. Onufrievskom. Izvi zvapera pfupi Biography pamusoro Ivan Fedorov - piyona, vana uye vanhu vakuru kunyora.