Chii benzene? Structure benzene yemaitiro, zvivako uye kushandisa

Pakati yakakura zvombo kuti makemikari yeimwe pane dzakawanda yeimwe, kuwanika uye kudzidza izvo Akaperekedzwa refu yesayenzi gakava. Ivo yakakodzera runobva benzene. Structure mu benzene kemisitiri pakupedzisira akatorwa chete pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nepo zvokuvamba Zvinoumba nyaya rinorondedzerwa kunyange muna 1825 gore, ichijekesa kubva marasha tara, izvo zvakagadzirwa kuva byproduct pakati coking marasha.

Benzene pamwe toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene iri parizvino kunzi zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon. Munyaya ino tichakurukura chii hunhu uyu Morekuru yeHydrocarbon, tsvaka zvinooneka ehupfumi, akadai solubility, Kubika pfungwa uye arambe achirema kuti benzene uye kureva kukura kwebasa yeimwe mu bhizimisi uye kurima.

Chii munhandare?

Chemistry pamusoro Organic Compounds classifies zvose anozivikanwa zvinhu mumapoka akawanda, akadai alkanes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, etc. The chikuru chinoratidza mukirasi nomumwe zvinhu ndiyo kuvapo mamwe zvisungo. The mamorekuru maingova zvine Mahydrocarbon Sigma chisungo, vanoverengeka zvinhu ethylene - kaviri, chisungo katatu muna alkynes. To chii kirasi ndiyo benzene?

Nemamiriro rinoratidza kuvapo benzene kwayo Morekuru ane mhete anonhuhwirira mumwe benzene chindori rokuremekedza. All yeimwe ose makemikari hunhu ine mumwe kana kupfuura maringi idzi mamorekuru dzavo, anonzi mukirasi arenes (zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon). Kuwedzera benzene, izvo isu tiri kufunga, boka iri rinosanganisira vazhinji inokosha chaizvo zvinhu, sezvo toluene, aniline, phenol uye nevamwe.

How kusarudza sechivako dambudziko mamorekuru pakati inonhuwirira yeHydrocarbon

Pakutanga, masayendisiti makasimbisa Qualitative uye quantitative Zvinoumba mukomboni yakaratidzwa _kutaura, C ₆ H _6, mauri hama samolecular guru benzene ndiyo 78. embodiments Zvino inoverengeka STRUCTURAL Masvomhu dzave dzichitaurwa, asi hapana havana dzinoenderana chaiko chaiko uye makemikari zvivako zviri benzene vakacherechedza mishonga mu murabhoritari kuedza.

Zvave anenge makumi mana makore aiongorora German Alexander Kekule asati akauya shanduro yake STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa, iro rine benzene Morekuru. Rakanga wakapindwa matatu miviri zvisungo, achiratidza zvinobvira unsaturated hunhu makemikari zvivako zviri yeHydrocarbon. Izvi vakapikisa chaizvoizvo huripo unhu mukukurukurirana remubatanidzwa wenyika payakavakirwa C ₆ H ₆ nevamwe zvinhu, semuenzaniso, pamwe bromine, nitric acid, kuiisa chlorine.

Chete pashure kunyatsotsanangura E benzene Morekuru configuration racho STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa akazviratidza rokuti benzene neerekitironi (mhete), uye iye akanga achiri kushandiswa nokufamba makemikari kemisitiri.

Electronic configuration of morekuru C6H6

Imhandoi spatial maumbirwo ane benzene? The nemamiriro benzene pakupedzisira anotsigirwa nevanhu chinja vaviri trimerization pakati acetylene kuti benzene uye cyclohexane kuti rehydrogen rutapudzo. It Vakawana kuti kabhoni maatomu vari interconnected kuumba sandara Hexagon uye vari sp ² hybridization uchishandisa yokukurukura nevamwe maatomu vatatu ayo mana Valencia maerekitironi.

The yasara matanhatu akasununguka S.-maerekitironi vanosarudzirwa perpendicular kune samolecular ndege. Bindepinde mumwe, ivo vanoumba zvachose Erekitironi gore, inonzi benzene neerekitironi.

Hunhu makemikari chisungo-kota

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muviri uye namakemikari zvivako zviri yeimwe pakuti kunonyanya kwavo womukati marongerwo uye mhando kwemakemikari zvisungo pakati maatomu kuitika. The Erekitironi maumbirwo benzene, zvinokwanisika kuti titi morekuru kana nyore kana kaviri zvisungo, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa fomura Kekule. Mukupesana, makemikari zvisungo pakati kabhoni maatomu vakaenzana. Uyezve, vakawanda π-Erekitironi gore (zvose nhanhatu C maatomu) anoumba makemikari mhando maererano, anonzi mambokadzi, kana anonhuhwirira. Chokwadi ichi chinoita kuti yakananga ehupfumi ari benzene mhete uye, sezvo zvakaita kuti hunhu makemikari kusakarongeka pakati zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon nevamwe zvinhu.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Arenes rine ari Morekuru vashomanana kabhoni maatomu aimiririra vainyanya mvura. Hazvisi zvagara, uye benzene. Sechivako benzene, sezvatinorangarira, zvichiratidza ayo samolecular hunhu. Sei chokwadi ichi sei ehupfumi ayo?

By achideredza tembiricha iri mvura zvinoenda yakasimba chokutambudzika uye benzene ari kutendeuka kuva chena crystalline guru. It nyore vavhunduka imwe tembiricha kuti 5,5 ° C. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, nefuma ane Hauoneki mvura ine pachangu kunhuwa. Its Kubika pfungwa 80,1 ° C.

benzene arambe achirema dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana tembiricha shanduko. Tembiricha iri yepamusoro, kuti arambe achirema kushoma. Heino mienzaniso mishomanana. Pamusangano tembiricha 10 ° arambe achirema pamusoro 0,8884 g / Rine mamiririta, uye nenguva 20 ° - 0,8786 g / Rine mamiririta. benzene nonpolar mamorekuru, saka nefuma iri insoluble mumvura. Asi mukomboni pachayo yakanaka makemikari solvent Somuenzaniso, mafuta.

Kunyanya benzene mushonga ehupfumi

Rakavakwa experimentally kuti anonhuhwirira musimboti benzene akatsiga, i.e. It dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira kuramba kukuparadzai. Izvi rinotsanangura fuma muropa zvinoitwa mhando kuzvitsinhanisa Somuenzaniso, kuiisa chlorine pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, pamwe bromine pamwe nitric asidhi pamberi anowedzera. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa benzene mukuru kuramba oxidising nevasori zvakadai potassium permanganate, bromine mvura. Izvi kamwe zvakare kunosimbisa pasina ari Morekuru nhandare pamusoro kaviri zvisungo. Vanachandagwinyira oxidation, zvimwe kuzivikanwa pomoto, hunhu zvose anonhuhwirira Mahydrocarbon. Sezvo chikamu muzana zviri kabhoni iri Morekuru, C ₆ H guru _6, benzene smoky murazvo retardant achabatsirwa paumbwe chin'ai inoramba. The kuita unobereka carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura. An mubvunzo unokosha ndewokuti: vanogona anonhuhwirira yeHydrocarbon sei kubatana? Ngationgororei izvozvo zvizere.

Chii chinokonzera benzene mhete pakakoromoka?

Yeuka kuti muna mamorekuru chisungo arenes mambokadzi chipo kuti zvakaguma kubva bindepinde matanhatu S. maerekitironi kabhoni maatomu. It chiri pa mumwoyo benzene mhete. Kuiparadza uye kuitisa Kuwedzera maitiro, zvinoda dzinoverengeka Mamiriro ezvinhu, dzakadai chiedza kuona, matunhu tembiricha nedzvinyiriro, catalysts. A musanganiswa benzene uye kuiisa chlorine ikasakendenga kubatana pasi zvinoitwa ultraviolet mwaranzi. Zvinobikwa nekuita ino hexachlorocyclohexane - hunokachidza sekristaro fuma kushandiswa mune zvokurima sechinhu zvipembenene. In hexachlorane Morekuru asina benzene mhete, panzvimbo atsamwira chakaitika kuda kuti kuiisa chlorine maatomu matanhatu.

Kushandiswa chaikwo benzene

In maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana fuma unoshandiswa nevakawanda senzira solvent uye uyewo feedstock nokuda mberi kugadzirira varnishes, mapurasitiki, madhayi sechinhu chirungiso mune motokari rinochiwedzera. An dungwerungwe kukuru chikumbiro muri nomukaka zviri benzene uye homologues ayo. Somuenzaniso, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ ndiyo reagent vanonyanya aniline. Somugumisiro yacho kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro kuiisa chlorine pamberi aruminiyamu chloride sezvo anowedzera akanga akagadzirira hexachlorobenzene. Rinoshandiswa kuti pre-kurapwa mbeu, uyewo kushandisa mudondo indasitiri pakudzivirira huni pamusoro zvipukanana. Homolog nitration kuti benzene (toluene) iri tatora putika, rinozivikanwa TNT kana TNT.

Munyaya ino, isu akaongorora nzvimbo ine inonhuwirira remubatanidzwa akadai kuwedzera maitiro uye kuzvitsinhanisa pamusoro benzene combustion, uye akazivisa kushandiswa kwayo muna bhizimisi uye kurima.