Chii chinonzi fusion fusion? Cold fusion: principle

Cold fusion - chii ichocho? Nhema kana kuti ichiri chokwadi? Uyu mutsara wezvinoitwa nesayenzi wakaonekwa muzana remakore rapfuura uye uchiri kukonzera pfungwa dzakawanda dzesayenzi. Nechirudzi urwu rweteresiyamu pamwe chete , makuhwa akawanda, makuhwa, kufungidzira zvinosanganiswa. Ane avo vanoyemura, achidavira kuti rimwe zuva mumwe masayendisiti achaumba kuiswa kunogona kuponesa nyika kwete zvikuru kubva kumashonga emagetsi kubva pakubuda kwemazuva. Kunewo vanopikisa vanosimbisa zvakasimba kuti iyi ndiyo pseudoscience. Munguva iyi, kunyange muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rapfuura, murume we cleverest Soviet Filimonenko Ivan Stepanovich akadaro akaumba akadaro.

Maitiro ekuongorora

1957 yakaratidzwa nechiitiko chokuti Filimonenko Ivan Stepanovich akabudisa shanduro yakasiyana yekusikwa kwesimba achishandisa nyukliya fusion kubva helium deuterium. Uye kare munaJuly wegore makumi matanhatu nechipiri iye ane chivimbiso chebasa rake pane thermoemission nzira uye maitiro. Icho chinonyanya kukosha chebasa: rudzi rwekushongedza nyukireya fusion, uko kutonga kwekushisa kune zvidigiri 1000. Masangano makumi masere uye mabhizimisi akapiwa kushandiswa kwechibvumirano ichi. Apo Kurchatov akafa, kukurudzirwa kwakatanga kudzvinyirirwa, uye mushure mokufa kwaMambokadzi, vakanyarara zvachose kuwedzera thermonuclear fusion (kuziya).

Muna 1968, basa rose reFilimonenko rakagadziriswa, sezvo akashandisa tsvakurudzo muna 1958 kuti aone dambudziko rehutachiona hwemagetsi ezvigetsi nenyuchi, uyewo kuongorora zvombo zvenyukireya. Tsanangudzo yake yepamapeji makumi mana nematanhatu yakabatsira kusimisa purogiramu yaive ichirongwa kuunza missile yakagadziriswa nuclear yenyu paJupiter neMwedzi. Pashure pezvose, kuputika chero kupi zvako kana kudzoka kwekwangara kunogona kuputika. Aizowana simba mazana matanhatu kudarika Hiroshima.

Asi vanhu vazhinji havana kufarira chisarudzo ichi, uye vakaronga kutambudzwa paFilimonenko, uye mushure mechinguva akadzingwa kubva pabasa rake. Sezvo asina kurega zvidzidzo zvake, akapomerwa mhosva yekupandukira. Ivan Stepanovich akatongerwa makore matanhatu mujeri.

Cold fusion uye alchemy

Makore mazhinji gare gare, muna 1989, Martin Fleischman naStanley Pons, vachishandisa magetsi, vakasika helium kubva ku deuterium, kufanana naFilimonenko. Nyanzvi dze physicist dzakagadzira pfungwa kune vose vesayenzi vevanhu uye mhizha, iyo yakavezwa muhupenyu hwakajeka hupenyu, huchava mushure mekuiswa kwekugadziriswa kunobvumira kugadzirwa kwe thermonuclear fusion (kuziya). Zvechokwadi, migumisiro yavo ye physics yenyika yose yakatanga kuongororwa zvakasununguka.

Pamberi penyaya iyi yaiva Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mutungamiriri waro, Ronald Parker, akatsoropodza thermonuclear fusion. "Cold fusion inhema," akadaro. Mapepanhau akashora mafizikiri Pons naFleischman mu charlatanry nekunyengedzera, sezvo dzidziso yacho yaisakwanisa kuongororwa, nokuti nguva dzose yakave nemigumisiro yakasiyana. Iyi mitsara yakataura nezvehuwandu hwehuni hwakabudiswa. Asi pakupedzisira, kukanganisa kwakaitwa, data yakaruramiswa. Uye mushure mezviitiko izvi, vafizikiki vakaramba kutsvaga mhinduro kune dzidziso yeFilimonenko "Cold Fusion Synthesis."

Cavitation nyukliya fusion

Asi muna 2002 vakayeuka nyaya iyi. Nyanzvi dze physics dzeAmerica Ruzi Taleikharhan naRichard Lejchy vakataurira kuti vakagadzirisa nzira yekutsvaga nuclei, asi vakashandisa kushanda kwecavitation. Iyi ndiyo apo gaseous bubbles inoumba mumvura. Zvinogona kuonekwa nekuda kwekufamba kwemafungu emhepo kuburikidza nemvura. Apo bhubu rinoputika, huwandu hwemagetsi hunogadzirwa.

Masayendisiti akakwanisa kuona simba guru retiyetoni, nekuumbwa kwehelium uye tritium, inonzi inogadzirwa nuclear nuclear fusion. Mushure mekuedza kuedza uku, kusaziva kwakange kusina kuwanikwa, asi vakanga vasingadi kubvuma.

Kuverenga kwaSiegel

Dzinotanga kuMoscow, uye dzinonzi zita rezvenyeredzi uye ufologist Siegel. Kuverenga kwakadaro kunoitwa kaviri pagore. Ivo vakaita semisangano yevasayendisiti mune chipatara chepfungwa, nokuti pano masayendisiti anofambidzana nemazano avo pachavo uye maonero. Asi sezvo ivo vachibatana nehupenzi, mharidzo yavo inopfuura kudarika. Zvisinei, zvinonakidza zvinyorwa dzimwe nguva zvinoratidzwa. Somuenzaniso, Academician AF Ohatrin yakashuma kuwanikwa kwe microleptons. Izvo zvizere zvakanyanya zvepakutanga zvikamu zvine zvinhu zvitsva izvo zvisingagoni kutsanangurwa. Mukuita, kukurudzirwa kwayo kunogona kunyevera nezvekudengenyeka kwepasi kunouya kana rubatsiro mukutsvaga zvicherwa. Okhatrin yakagadzira nzira yekuongorora kwe geological iyo inoratidza kuti kwete mafuta chete aripo, asiwo makemikari ayo.

Kuedzwa kuchamhembe

MuChiput, kusungirirwa kwakaedzwa pane chitubu chakare. A generator generator akaderedza makiromita matatu kusvika mukati. Akaisa mutemo we microlepton munda wePasi. Pashure pemaminitsi mashomanana, yakawanda parafini nebhitumini mumafuta zvakaderera, uye visikiti yakava shoma. Uhu hwakasimuka kubva pa6 kusvika kune gumi nevasere muzana. Iyi teknolojia inofarira makambani ekune dzimwe nyika. Uye vaRussia geologists vasati vashandise zviitiko izvi. Hurumende yenyika yakangotora zvinyorwa zvadzo, asi mberi izvi hazvina kufambira mberi.

Saka, Okhatrin inofanira kushanda kune mamwe masangano. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mudzidzi wechikoro anonyanya kufunganya nekutsvakurudza kwechimiro chakasiyana: kuti dome inobata sei munhu. Vazhinji vanoti ane chidimbu cheUFO chakawira makumi manomwe nemanomwe muLatvia.

Mwana we Academician Akimov

Anatoly Evgenievich Akimov anotungamirira sangano rezvesayenzi nzvimbo "Vent". Mabasa ake akaita seanofadza sezvakaitwa Okhatrin. Akaedza kutora hurumende kubasa rake, asi kubva kune izvi chete vavengi vakava vazhinji. Tsvakurudzo yake yaivewo iyo inonzi pseudoscience. Basa rose rakasikwa kurwisana nekutadza. Kunyangwe murairo wemutemo pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu hwakapiwa kuti uongororwe. Vamwe vatongi vanoziva kuti pane jenereta inogona kuita pane psyche.

Scientist Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko uye zvaakawana

Uye zvakawanikwa nesayenzi yedu-physicist haana kuwana kupfuurira mune sayenzi. Iye anozivikanwa semuumbi wejasi rinobhururuka, iro rinoshandiswa ne magnetic thrust. Uye ivo vanoti chimwe chinhu chakasikwa chinogona kusimudza matani mashanu. Asi vamwe vanoti icho ndiro hachibhururu. Filimonenko akasika chigadziri chinoderedza radioactivity yezvimwe zvinhu. Mukugadzirisa kwayo, simba rekufisa fusion rinoshandiswa. Vanoita kuti vashandi vemafirimu vasazoita, uyewo vanobudisa simba. Zvokudya kubva mumiti yakadai ndizvo hydrogen uye oksijeni, pamwe chete ne-high-pressure steam. Jenereta yefriji fusion inogona kupa musha wose nesimba, uyewo kuchenesa gungwa iri kugungwa rayo ruchawanikwa.

Zvechokwadi, mabasa ake aitsigirwa na Koro Koro na Kurchatov, saka kuedza kwakaitwa. Asi havana kubudirira pakuvaisa kumhedziso yavo inonzwisisika. Kuiswa kwe froid fusion kunotibvumira kuchengetedza anenge mabhiriyoni mazana maviri mabhiriyoni gore negore. Basa reyunivhesiti rakadzorerwazve mumakore makumi masere. Muna 1989, vakatanga kushandura. Izvo arc reactor yechando inopisa thermonuclear fusion yakagadzirirwa kupedza mazai. Uyewo munharaunda yeCheababinsk, miti yakawanda yakagadzirwa, asi yakanga isiri kushanda. Kunyangwe muChernobyl havana kushandisa iyo kuiswa ne thermonuclear fusion (inotonhora). Uye musayendisiti akadzingwazve kubva kubasa rake.

Upenyu muMelandland

Munyika yedu, ivo vakanga vasingadi kukudziridza zvakawanikwa zveSayenzi Filimonenko. Cold fusion, kuiswa kweiyo kwapera, kunogona kutengeswa kune dzimwe nyika. Zvakarehwa kuti mumakumi manomwe makumi manomwe mumwe munhu ainge atora magwaro kuFilmonenko kuEurope. Asi masayendisiti kunze kwenyika haana kushanda, nokuti Ivan Stepanovich haana kuisa zvakananga dhenda pamusoro pekuti zvaive zvichiita kugadzira reactor pazvinotonhora thermonuclear fusion.

Akashandiswa zvakanaka, asi iye mufundisi. Zviri nani kurarama muhurombo, asi munyika yako. Filimonenko ane munda wake, unobereka zviyo kanomwe pagore, sezvo physicist anoshandisa firimu iyo iye pachake akasika. Zvisinei, hapana anozviisa pakugadzirwa.

Nhema yeAvramenko

Uyu fiologist scientist akazvipira hupenyu hwake pakudzidza plasma. Avramenko Rimli Fedorovich aida kuumba jenereta ye plasma semamwe maitiro emagetsi emazuva ano. Muna 1991, mu laboratori, akaita zviongorori pakuumbwa kwemabhero. Uye plasma yakadururamo, yakashandisa simba rakawanda. Musayendisiti akakurudzira kuti plasmidid iyi ishandiswe pakudzivirira pamaromboti.

Iyi miedzo yakatevedzwa pakudzidziswa kwechiuto pasi. Chiito chemaplasmoid yakadaro inogona kubatsira mukurwisana ne asteroids, iyo inotyisidzira njodzi. Kuburitsa kwaAvramenko zvakare haina kugamuchira kuenderera mberi, uye nei - hapana anoziva.

Iyo hondo yehupenyu nemayera

Makore makumi mana apfuura apfuura pane sangano rakavanzika "Red Star", rinotungamirirwa neI Filimonenko. Iye neboka rake vakaita svondo rekusimbiswa kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwekuenda kuMaric. Akaita shanduro yemafuta (inotonhora) yekuisa kwake. Ikokupedzisira, zvakare, kwaiva yekuva injini yepukari. Asi apo froid fusion reactor yakasimbiswa, yakava pachena kuti inogona kubatsira pasi. Nekuwanikwa uku, zvinokwanisika kupedza isotopes uye kudzivisa kuputika kwe nyukireya.

Asi Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko, uyo akasika froid thermonuclear fusion nemaoko ake, akaramba kuratidzira nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzevatungamiriri vepasi pasi pasi mumaguta ari pasi pevhu. Dambudziko iri muCaribbean rinoratidza kuti USSR neAmerica vakanga vakagadzirira kupinda muhondo yenyukireya. Asi ivo vakavhiringidzwa nekuti hapana pakanga pasina kuiswa kwakadaro, izvo zvingadzivirira pamigumisiro yemirairo.

Panguva iyoyo, kutonhora kwemafuta e-thermometer yakanyatsobatana nezita rokuti Filimonenko. Iyo yakagadzira yakabudisa simba rakachena, iro rinogona kudzivirira chikamu chepamusoro kubva pakusvibiswa kwezuva. Kuramba kupa simba ravo kuzviremera, musayendisiti haana kupa hutungamiri hwenyika "kadhi yehwamanda", kana hondo yenyukireya yakatanga. Pasina kuiswa kwayo, pasi pevhu bunkers yaizochengetedza vatungamiri venyika yakakwirira kubva muhondo yenyukireya, asi nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare vaizowana mazaisai emvura. Nokudaro, Ivan Stepanovich akadzivirira nyika kubva kune hondo yenyika yenyukireya.

Kuvhiringidzika kwesayenzi

Mushure mekuramba kwesainzi, aifanira kutsungirira kwete kungotaurirana pamusoro pezvakaitika. Somugumisiro, Filimonenko akadzingwa kubva pabasa rake uye akadzivirirwa nemhando dzose uye regalia. Uye kwemakore makumi matatu iye zvino nyanzvi yefizikiki iyo ingadai yakabudisa fusion inotonhorera mumugudu wakawanda, inogara nemhuri yake paDacha. Zvose zvakawanikwa naFilimonenko zvinogona kuita ruzivo rwakakura mukusimudzirwa kwesayenzi. Asi, sezvazvakaitika munyika yedu, kukonzera kwayo kunotonhora, iyo yakagadziriswa uye yakaedzwa muitiro, yakakanganwa.

Ecology uye zvinetso zvaro

Nhasi Ivan Stepanovich anobata nezvinetso zvakatipoteredza, anonetseka kuti njodzi iri kuuya pasi. Anotenda kuti chikonzero chikuru chekudengenyeka kwemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu ndiko utsi hunobva kumaguta makuru emhepo. Mukuwedzera pakuneta gasi, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobudisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza kuvanhu: radon ne krypton. Uye iyo yekupedzisira haina kukwanisa kushandisa. Uye kutonhora kunotonhorera, iyo inofanirwa kutora miviri, inobatsira pakudzivirira zvakatipoteredza.

Mukuwedzera, zvisikwa zvechiito chekutsvaira kwechando, maererano nesayendisiti, chinogona kuponesa vanhu kubva kune zvirwere zvakawanda, zvingawedzera nguva yehupenyu hwomunhu kakawanda, kubvisa zvose zvinokonzera mazaisai emhepo. Uye zvakadaro, sezvinoitwa naIvan Stepanovich, zvikuru. Vanosangana chaizvoizvo pamatanho ose uye kunyange kumba. Maererano neasayendisiti, munguva yekare vanhu vairarama kwemazana emakore, uye zvose nokuti kwakanga kusina mazaisai. Kuiswa kwake kungave kwakagadzirisa, asi, zviri pachena, hazvizoitiki nokukurumidza.

Mhedziso

Nokudaro, mubvunzo wechando chipi chinonzi fusion uye kana chinosvika pakudzivirirwa kwevanhu zvakakosha. Uye kana iyi isiri nhema, asi ichokwadi, saka zvakakosha kutungamirira masimba ese uye zvigadziro zvekudzidza nzvimbo ino yefizikiki yenyukireya. Mushure mezvose, munguva yakareba, kusungirwa kunogona kuita kuti zviitike saizvozvo zvingabatsira kune vose.