Chii chitinha chetini?

Iko kare muMireniyumu IV BC, vanhu vakadzidza pamusoro pekuvapo kweti muzvisikwa. Pose pacho, iyi simbi yakanga yakadhura zvikuru nokuti yakanga isingakwanisi. Muchirevo ichi, zvinyorwa zvaro zvisingambowanzowanika mumagwaro ekare echiGiriki uye echiRoma zvakanyorwa.

Tin, pamwe nemhangura, inoshanda seimwe yezvinhu zve tin tin bronze. Yakagadzirwa mukati kana kuti kuguma kwe3 III mireni BC. Sezvo bhangura yaifungidzirwa munguva yekare iyo yakasimbiswa zvikuru yezvinyorwa zvose zvakazivikanwa kune munhu, tini yaifungidzirwa sesimbi yakasimba. Uyu mafungiro kwaari akaenderera kwemakore anopfuura 2 000.

Deposits

Mabhesheni makuru kwazvo ari kuSoutheast Asia uye China. Zvakawanda zvakachengetwa zvakawanikwawo muAustralia neSouth America (muPeru, Brazil, Bolivia). MuRussia, minda iri muKhabarovsk Territory, muSolnechny District (Sobolinoye uye Festivalnoye), Verkhnebureinsky District (Pravoormyskoe). Mukuwedzera, kuiswa muChukotka Autonomous District yakawanikwa. Heano iri Stocky Pyrkakai, musha / Valkumey mami, Iultin. Kubudirira kwavo kwakavharwa mumakore ekuma90. Tin deposits inowanikwawo muPrmorsky Krai, muruwa rweKavalerovo, kuYakutia (Mutevedzeri) uye nedzimwe nzvimbo.

Rufu rwekufambisa kuSouth Pole

Muna 1910 Captain R. Scott, imwe nyanzvi yekuongorora kubva kuEngland, akaronga marwendo. Chinangwa chayo chaiva South Pole. Panguva iyoyo munhu wacho akanga asati ava mundima iyi. Rwendo rwacho rwakatora mwedzi yakawanda. Vafambi vacho vaifamba vachifamba-famba nemafuta akawanda eAnttic continent. Vari munzira, vakasiya zvivako zviduku zvine zvokudya uye mafuta. Pakazosvika 1912, rwendo rwacho rwakasvika padanda. Zvisinei, kune kukura kukuru kwevaya vaifamba, vakawana imomo iyo yakataurwa kuti Rual Amundsen akashanya kuno mwedzi yapfuura. Zvisinei, iyi yakanga isiri dambudziko guru. Panzira yekudzokera kugadziro yekutanga, boka reScott rakawana kuti midziyo yaive yakasimudzwa neafiosene yakanga isina chinhu. Vakasviba, vanhu vakaneta vaisagona kuramba vachidziya kana kubika zvokudya zvavo. Sezvo vasvika nekutambudzika kukuru kusvika pane imwe nzvimbo yekuchengetera, vakawana kuti mabhuku akanga asina chinhu ipapo. Kusina simba rakawanda rokudzivisa kutonhorera, nhengo dzose dzekufambisa dzakaurayiwa.

Mamwe metamorphoses

Pakupera kwezana remakore asati apera, chitima chakabva kuHolland kusvika kuRussia. Paiva nematanda mairi. MuMoscow motokari yakavhurwa. Panzvimbo pezvigaro, vaigamuchira vakaona ganda risina maturo. Munharaunda imwechete imwe shanduro yakatumirwa kuSiberia. Akanga akagadzirirwa zvakanaka. Vasangano vekufambisa vakapa zvinhu zvakawanda, kuitira kuti zvikanda zvakasimba zvirege kupindira nerwendo. Zvisinei, kumwe kukanganisa kwakanga kuchiri kuitwa. Vafambi vacho vakatora pamwe chete nechitini. Nenguva isipi, pakutanga mafirosi, yakaputika kuva mupfu. Vafambi vacho vakamanikidzwa kubvisa ndiro kubva pamuti. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kukanganisa kwakaitika mune imwe yemabhuku ekugadziriswa muSt. Petersburg. Panguva yekuongorora, yakawanikwa kuti mabhodhi akaparara pane yunifomu yose. Pane kudaro, pfupa guru chete raiva mumabhokisi. Akatumirwa ku laboratory. Maererano nechokupedzisira kwevanotsvakurudza, simbi yakashungurudzwa nedenda retin. Maererano nevamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare, seimwe yemamiriro ezvinhu akakonzera kukundwa kweuto reFrance munguva yechando ye1812, mabhodhi acho aigona kupera kubva yunifomu yevarwi.

Kuedza kutsanangura ichi chinoshamisa

Muzviitiko zvose zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro apa, pakanga pane chinhu chakadai sehosha yeinini. Chii ichocho? Muna 1868, Academician Fritsche akapa mharidzo pamusangano wePetersburg Academy. Mariri, akaudza nezvekuti muchitima chacho yakawanikwa sei mupfu pane nzvimbo yetimba, sezvo mabhodhi muimba yekuchengetera zvehondo akapararira. Mushure mekuonekwa kwake muChikemy, nhamba yakawanda yemitambo yakafanana yakatanga kusvika. Vose zvavo vakabva kumativi ose eEurope, uye vamwe kubva kuNorth America. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti muMiddle Ages vasingazivi vadzidzisi vaidavira kuti denda reTin ndiyo inokonzerwa nesimbi yemasikati masimba ayo varoyi vanokonzera. Vakadzi vazhinji vasina mhosva vakapiswa padanda. Asi nekukurumidza kukura kwesayenzi, kusaziva kwemashoko aya kwakava pachena uye zvakajeka. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuti atsanangure kuti dambudziko retini rinomuka sei, chii ichocho, masayendisiti aisagona kwenguva refu. Dzidzo dzakasimbiswa mushure mekufa kweboka raScott. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mavhiri, umo kerosene yakanga iripo, yakasimbiswa neatini. Isimbi yakashandurwa kuva mupfu, uye mvura yakabuda ichibuda.

Nhengo yesimbi

Kungoti mushure mekushandisa X-ray kuongorora, masayendisiti akakwanisa kutsanangura kuti sei dambudziko reatin rinomuka. Ichi chiitiko chinokonzerwa nechimiro chakati chesimbi. X-rays analysis yakabvumira kutarisa mukati mezvinhu, kudzidza maitiro avo ekristalo. Somugumisiro, tsanangudzo yesayenzi yechiitiko ichi yakagadzirwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti chero simbi inogona kuva nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakristalline. Iyo yakanyatsogadziridzwa kushandiswa pazvakanaka (muimba) kana kupisa yakakwirira ndiyo tini. Ichi chine ductile uye ductile. Kana kutonhora kunowira pasi pedenga 13 deg, crystal lattice inotanga kuvakazve. Muchiitiko ichi, maatomu ari munzvimbo munzvimbo yakakura. Shanduko itsva yesimbi yakaumbwa-grey tin. Iyo inorasikirwa neyakagadzirwa kwayo. Ichokwadi, simbi inoguma kuva yakadaro uye inova semiconductor. Pfungwa dzomukati dzinomuka pavanosangana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekristal lattices. Zvinotungamirira kumagadzirirwo emagetsi. Somugumisiro, simbi inoputika kuva mupfu. Saka pane chirwere chetini.

Nuances

Zvinofanira kunzi kuti dambudziko reTin, iro chinyorwa chinowanikwa munyaya yacho, rinopararira nokukurumidza (rinenge sechirwere mumunhu). Kuchinja kwechimwe chekushandura kune imwe nguva nokukurumidza, kunodzika kwekushisa kwakanyanya. Iyo yakawanda inosvika pakuchinja kwenhamba pa--33 degrees. Ndicho chikonzero mazaya akakurumidza kugadzirisa zvinhu zvose. Nokudaro dambudziko reTin rinobva kune "zvirwere" zvinhu "zvine utano". Ichi chiitiko chakauraya mazana akawanda emakosheni anokosha emauto. Somuenzaniso, mifananidzo yakawanda yakashandurwa kuva mupfu muzvinyorwa zvemu museum weSuvorov muSt. Petersburg. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti imwe nguva yechando muimba yepamusoro yakazara mabheti.

"Mishonga" yehosha

Masayendisiti ave achitsvaga nzira yekudzivirira "chirwere" chesimbi. Nzira yekubuda mamiriro ezvinhu yakawanikwa neBritish guild yevatori. Vakagadzira sarudzo itsva. Metare yakawedzerwa kune tini, iyo inogadzirisa zvigadzikane zvayo. Shanduro itsva yainzi "puter". Inosanganisira 95% tini, 2% mhangura uye 5% antimony. Mushandi anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvishongo, zvinhu zveimba, midziyo, nezvimwe. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti munhu wese anoziva America's Cup, uyewo maSotcar statuettes akaitwa pewter, uye akafukidzwa nesirivha negoridhe. Saka havatyi chero dambudziko rekutini.