Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Soviet mathematician: biography, scientific career

Chiitiko cheyi chibharo chemasvomhu chakanga chisina kunaka uye chinonakidza zvikuru. Pazera remakore gumi nemasere, musayendisiti wemangwana haana kuona. Izvi hazvina kumudzivisa kuita zvinhu zvakakosha zvinowanikwa mumathematics. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin akapiwa muHurumende yeHurumende yeU.SR, pamwe chete nemamwe mimwe mibairo. Zvakanaka zvake zvinoratidzwa munyika yose.

The Origin of Pontryagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) akaberekwa musi waAugust 21, 1908 muMoscow, mumhuri yevashandi, nekambani yechipatimendi. Muna 1916, musayendisiti weramangwana akatanga kugamuchira dzidzo yekondari. Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin akazotanga kunzwisisa zvidzidzo zvesainzi nokuti mhuri yake yakanga isina kupfuma. Akanga asina mukana wekubhadhara kuraira kwaRevhi mune gymnasium (baba vake vakaunganidzirwa nemutojawo wose muuto).

Chikoro, kurasikirwa kwekuona

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin muna 1917 akatamira kuchikoro chesekondari chemakore mapfumbamwe, panguva iyoyo yakajairika kune vose. Mumakore iwayo, kusarudzwa kwebasa rake hakuna kumufarira. Muongorori wesayenzi haana kuratidza chido chakakosha chemasvomhu. Apo mukomana uyu aiva nemakore gumi nematanhatu, mumba make pakanga pane kuputika kwePasmus stove. Somugumisiro wengozi yacho, Lev Semenovich Pontryagin haana kurasikirwa zvachose. Kubwinya kwake, zvichida, kwakange kwakaoma mushure mechiitiko ichi. Amai vake, Tatyana Andreevna (aishanda somupfeki), akava zvechokwadi munyori wemwanakomana wake kwemakore akawanda. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin akava nehanya nemasvomhu mukirasi yepfumbamwe. Sezvo aine ruzivo rwemashoko, akashandisa nhaurwa kubva mune duramazwi dictionaries. Yakanga iri iyo iyo nyanzvi yemasayendisiti akasarudza kuwana dzidzo yepamusoro mune mathematics. Pasinei nezvinetso zvakabatana nekurasikirwa kwemaonero, akakwanisa kuita chirongwa chacho.

Kudzidza paYunivhesiti

Pontryagin yakapinda muMoscow State University, mufizikiki uye mathematics (unyanzvi - "pure mathematics"). Akapedza kudzidza muna 1929. Ipapo Lev Semenovich akaenderera mberi neshure rake pachikoro chikoro, achinyora mu Research Research of Mathematics uye Mechanics, achishanda kuMoscow State University. Akapedza chikoro chepamusoro-soro muna 1931. Mudzidzisi weLev Semenovich akava PS Aleksandrov. Pontryagin kwemakore mazhinji yaiva pasi pechinhu chake chikuru chakanaka.

Scientific career

Lev Semenovich munharaunda kubva muna 1930 kusvika muna 1932 aiva mubatsiri wepurofesa we algebra, uyewo mushandi weChishopatimendi cheMapatendi yeMathematics neMechanics. Mumakore 1932-1933. Akanga ari mushandi weBrazil of Variations iri kuMoscow State University (ndeyeInjini yeFizikiki). Nyanzvi yemasvomhu kubva muna 1934 kusvika kumagumo eupenyu hwake akadzidziswa kuMoscow State University. Muna 1934 akanga ari kushanda purofesa, uye muna 1935-1938 - purofesa weMichina neMathematics Faculty. Muna 1970-1988 gg. Pontryagin yakanga iri mutariri weimwe yematare ehurumende yekunyora masvomhu uye cybernetics. Muna 1935, pasina kudzivirira tsananguro, akapiwa dhigirii reDhigiri wePhysical and Mathematical Sciences. Mugore rimwechete Pontryagin akagamuchira zita repurofesa.

Kubva muna 1934 kusvikira pakuguma kwemazuva ake Lev Semenovich akashanda pa Steklov Mathematical Institute. Mune nguva kubva muna 1934 kusvika muna 1939, akanga ari pano muongorori mukuru. Kwemakore makumi maviri (1939-1959) Pontryagin yakashanda semusoro weDhipatimendi reTopologia neGeometry. Kubvira muna 1972, nyanzvi yemasvomhu yakashanda muVINITI, uko kusvika muna 1988 iye akanyorwa sechiremba mukuru. Lev Semenovich akanga ari nhengo yehurukuro yemupepeti yemagazini "Mathematics" kubva muna 1974 kusvika muna 1980.

Pontryagin's achievements

Nzvimbo huru dzePontryagin yesayenzi ndeye topological algebra uye topology, kutonga nyanzvi uye dzidziso yekusiyanisa kuenzanisa. Muna 1932 Lev Semenovich, achikudziridza mutemo unorongedzwa naAlexandro, akaratidza mutemo uyu, uyo uri muEuclidean nzvimbo unobatanidza maBetti evharo rakapfigwa rakasarudzwa neBetti mavhesi evharidziro rakavharwa. Pontryagin yakagadzirisa dambudziko rekuverenga maBetti.

Lev Semenovich ndiye muumbi we topological algebra. Kubudirira kwaro kwakakonzerwa nekunzvimbo yakakwana uye yekutengesa mapoka mapoka. Musayendisiti akadzidza maitiro avo, uye akaitawo sarmonic analysis. Panguva imwechete nekutsvakurudza pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvepfungwa uye rondedzero yevanhu, Pontryagin yakaita maitiro maviri emabasa podotopy dzidziso uye nhengo dzedzidziso. Musayendisiti akazviratidza (pasina kuzvidzivirira kwaNebeling, muGermany wemasvomhu, uye pamwe chete naye) inoremori inozivikanwa kuti chero n-dimensional compactum nechekuita pane zvakagadzirirwa muEuclidean (2n + 1) -dimensional set is homeomorphic.

Kubva muna 1935 kusvika muna 1940, musayendisiti akanyora mabasa akawanda pamusoro penyaya ye skew michina uye homotopy nheyo. Pontryagin yakawana kuwirirana pakati pezvinetso zvakaendeswa kune zvinotapira zvinowedzera uye zvinetso zve homotopy. Akaona zvikamu zvezviitiko zveLS Pontryagin, izvo zvinoputika zvezvinhu zvinotapira.

Shandisai nheyo yekusiyanisa kuenzanisa nemitambo

Lev Semenovich kubva kumavambo 1950 akazofarira munyanzvi yekusiyanisa kuenzanisa. Akaita mapurogiramu maviri emabasa mundima iyi. Chokutanga chazvo ndechekuvhiringidzika kwemweya, uye yechipiri inobatana nedzidziso yehutano hwakanaka mumathematics. NdiRevhi Semenovich uyo anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye muumbi weyiyi pfungwa. Inobva paPontryagin hukuru hukuru. Kuwanikwa kwake ndicho chikonzero chakakosha chekudzidza zvakanakisisa nzira. Musayendisiti anofarira isu akawana migumisiro yakakosha munharaunda yakadaro senyanzvi yekusiyana mitambo. Vakapa mupiro mukuru kune zvakananga zvekutonga kwakakwana.

Kuzivikanwa kwezvakanaka

Pose, musayendisiti akanyora nezvemazana matatu masayenzi emabasa. Nekubatsirwa kwetsika yokuti Lev Semenovich yakasikwa, masayendisiti anowana magetsi akawanda emagetsi emagetsi, anogadzira mapurogiramu anobatsira zvikuru ekushandisa purogiramu, nekudaro.

Zvakakosha zveLevi Semenovich hazviisi pasi pekusahadzika. Vakanga vasingazivikanwi chete neRussia, asiwo nenyika inoshandiswa nesayenzi. Musayendisiti akakumbirwa kuti atore muhurukuro dzepamusoro, akapiwa zvikwereti zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira muHurumende yeHurumende yeU.SR, uye yakawanda mibairo yakakwirira. Kwenguva yakati Pontryagin yaiva mumwe wevatungamiri veSouth Mathematical Union, kunyanya, vamiriri varo-president.

Mabasa eMunharaunda

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti Lev Semenovich nguva dzose aida kushamwaridzana muupenyu hwehupenyu. Akanga ari nyanzvi yemasvomhu, uyewo aiva bofu, saka aigona nyore nyore kudzivisa mabasa evanhu. Kunyanya paakava isina ngozi. Zvisinei, Lev Semenovich haana kuona ngozi inopisa. Akaramba achikakavadzana uye akabudisa pachena zvaaifunga kuti yakarurama. Panguva imwecheteyo haana kutarisa mapoka nemapoka. Lev Semenovich nguva dzose aida kubvumira zvakazara uye zvakajeka muhukama pakati pevamwe vashandi. Mubasa rake, akatevedzera zvinorehwa nehana, kazhinji achiregerera pfungwa dzenhema dzekugadzirisa uye hurumende munyika yezvidzidzo, uyewo zvekushandira pamwe. Musayendisiti akafunga kuti iro basa rake kupindira mune zviitiko zvakakosha mune zvehupfumi munyika, kutanga nechinangwa chekudzidzira chikoro uye kuguma nebasa rekushandura nzizi muSiberia.

Kurwisana, iyo yaisanganisira Pontryagin

Maererano nezvakataurwa, hazvishamisi kuti nyanzvi yemasvomhu Lev Semenovich Pontryagin yakaita vavengi vazhinji, avo, vachishandisa mukana, vakatanga kurwisana nechikoro. Kusimbiswa kwesangano reZionist, rakaitika muna 1967, mushure mehondo yeArab-Israel, ndiyo yaiva chikonzero chaicho chekurwiswa. IU.SR yakachengetedza nzvimbo inoshusha inokurudzira. Pontryagin yakava muvengi mukuru weZionist, uyo aiva nesimba guru muUnited States, uyewo mune dzimwe nyika dzeWestern.

Pakati pezviitiko zvekurwisana neSoviet Union chakanga chiri kurwisana nesayenzi yeU.SR, sezvo mairi, sezvinozivikanwa, mugove wevaJudha waigara uchikwirira zvishoma kune chiyero chevatumi vemamwe marudzi. Mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera nokuti hurumende yeU.SR yakadzivisa kubuda kwevasayendisiti vaiva nemashoko ekuvanda. Pakati pekukakavadzana pakati peSoviet Union neZionist, muna 1970, Pontryagin yakaonekwa zvisingatarisirwi.

Kubvuma uye Kuvandudza

Apo nguva yakasvika, Lev Semenovich akava mufananidzi akakodzera kupfuura wevatungamiri veSmite pakati pevadzidzi vematemu venyika yedu. Mukufungidzira kwevanhu, mafungiro ePontryagin anorwisana nemasitemu akave nekufamba kwenguva. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekurega basa resainzi kubva pamusana wepurezidhendi weMathematical Union. Iko Lenin Prize rakagumira kugamuchira mikumbiro yekubatanidzwa mumisangano, uye zita rake rakaedzwa kuti ridzivirire pose pazvinobvira, kunyange ne nyaya pamusoro pekubudirira kwake kukuru. Mushure megore ra1991, shanduro yakabatana nevanodzidzisa zvechikoro yakatanga kuve yakawanda muRussia. Mumakore achangopfuura, zvichienderana nekuedza kwevasayendisiti vanoverengeka, mufananidzo waRevhi Semenovich wakagadziriswa.

Book of memories

Mudzidzisi weUnited States Academy weScience LS Pontryagin akanyora bhuku rinofadza kwazvo rekuyeuka, kubva kwauri iwe unogona kudzidza tsanangudzo yezvinyorwa zvemasvomhu muUSSR muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi20. Bhuku rino rinoratidza mifananidzo yemasayendisiti akawanda ane tarenda - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin nevamwe. Kune zvakawanda zvekuzarurirwa kwezvakazarurwa mukati maro, pamwe nekutsanangurwa kweupenyu hwaLev Semyonovich huri huno hwakaoma. Mukuwedzera, musayendisiti anotaura nezvimwe zvikamu zvekufunga kwake kwesayenzi. Musayendisiti anonyora nezvekugadzirisa kwaakaita "zvinetso" matambudziko mupfungwa dzake, pasina kushandisa chero nzira dzekuona. Asi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha, zvichida, ndechokuti zviyeuchidzo zvesayenzi zvinotipa muenzaniso wezvakawanda zvikuru uye kutsungirira, zvisizvo zvisingagumi zvehuropi hwevanhu, izvo zvatinoshandisa chete muchidimbu chisina basa.

Chikoro chesayenzi chaLevi Semenovich

Mugumo wakaisa muedzo wakaoma paupenyu hwePontryagin - akarega kuona. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudzivirira musayendisiti kuti awane dzidzo yepamusoro, uye ipapo hupenyu hwake hwose hunobudirira kubata nemasvomhu. MuchiSayenzi akabudirira zvikuru. Nebasa rake rese Lev Semenovich vakabatsira pakuvandudzika kwemasvomhu munyika yedu uye munyika yose. Ndiye iye akatanga nheyo yesayenzi, iyo yakakosha zvikuru kukurudzirwa kwetsika yekudzora uye kuverenga kwekusiyana. Mumathematical terminology, kune mitemo yakawanda ine zita remusayendisiti-murairo wePontryagin, Pontryagin, nzvimbo yePontryagin, nevamwe.

Lev Semenovich aiva mudzidzisi akakurumbira. Vadzidzi vakataura kuti hurukuro dzake dzaive dzakasiyana nekururama kwekutaura uye kujekesa. Unhu uhwu musayendisiti akapinza muvadzidzi vake vakawanda.

MuMoscow musi waMay 3, 1988 Pontryagin Lev Semenovich akafa. Nhoroondo yake uye kusvikira nhasi inofuridzira masayendisiti mazhinji, uyewo vanhu vari kure nesayenzi.