Chii chinosiyanisa chikamu chechipiri uye chepanyama

Apo rinotsanangura kubudirira kwezvisikwa zvipenyu, imwe nguva inowanzosangana nemashoko okuti "matangi" uye "mhuka yechipiri". Izvo zvose zviripo zvakasiyana-siyana, kunze kwei-coelenterates, iyo inopesana neyamu membrory.

Kuvandudzwa kwezvakaoma

Chordates inomiririrwa nemapoka matatu ezvipenyu:

• Shells, kana kuti larva-chordal (Tunicata, Urochordata), ine muviri wakazara wakafukidzwa muhombodo;
• Kubvongodza, kana kuti musoro (Acrania), kugara mumvura yakadzika yegungwa, hove-sevanhu vasina basa;
• Vakasvibiswa - vamiriri vehove, mafibia, nyoka, shiri, mhuka nevanhu.

Nhoroondo yezvakakonzerwa nemakwikwi yakazara mune zvakavanzika uye inokonzera kutora kwakawanda. Uye kuti uzvitsanangurire, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti ndiani ari wechipiri-nguva uye yemhuka. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 500 akapfuura, pakanga pane mahara-chords. Nhanho dzinotangira dzinoramba dzisinganzwisisiki, uye naizvozvo kusiyana kwakasiyana kunomuka pamusoro pezvakabva kune zvisikwa zvipenyu.

Icho chinonyanya kukosha chezvipfuwo zvepakutanga uye zvechipiri

Multicellular inomiririra umambo hwemhuka. Yakazara uye yechipiri-nguva - mababa avo chaivo. Mashoko avo emashoko Anonzi Protostomia uye Deuterostomia anoumbwa kubva pamamiriro ekuumbwa kwemuromo mumamashi. Mune yekare, inoumbwa kubva pakusununguka kwemukati wemukumbo (blastopore), iyo inoumbwa mu embryo. Muchipiri - mublastopore mukova wokuzarura (anus) unowedzera, uye kuzarura muromo kunodzwa munzvimbo itsva.

Kurongeka kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana

Sekondari uye mhuka dzepanyama dzine zvinyorwa. Dangwe rokutanga rinosanganisira:

1. Molluscs.
2. Ringworms.
3. Sipunculides - mhonye-semhuka dzemakungwa, iyo ine kuvapo kwemagumisiyamu ekufamba-shanduka, mararamiro emhando yepamusoro uye mumatumbo akadzikamwa ane ruvara kune rimwe rutivi rwemashure.
4. Ehiurids zvipenyu zvinogara mumvura yegungwa. Vane muviri we cylindrical une proboscis. Kuzarurirwa kwemuromo kunowanikwa pa peritoneal side. Kubva kune vamwe vamiririri ivo vanozivikanwa nokuvapo kwepasi risati ravandudzika mamiriro ekunze uye mumuromo we tubular, iyo inoguma ne anus.
5. Pyatoustkov kana rutsanga, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwechirwere chinoputika nemuviri wechirungu, zvakafanana nearthropods.
6. Onihoforov kana kuti-primary-tracheal - inomiririrwa nezvikara zvepasi, pane imwe muviri wakareba iyo inosvika kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri emakumbo.
7. Pacific - zviduku zviduku zvine maviri mana emakumbo.
8. Arthropods.

Secondary animals, kana deuterostomes, zvinomiririrwa nemhando dzinotevera dzemhuka:

• Bristle-mandibular;
• Semi-chordate (nadal uye vasculitis);
• Echinoderms;
• Pogonophores;
• Chordate;
• Graptolites (matongo).

Zvikamu zvekuvandudza deystorostom kusinganzwisisiki. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kushanduka kwavo kwakavamba nemhuka dzakawanda dzisinganzwisisiki dzisingabatanidzi nepamusoro-soro. Vamwe vanotenda kuti madzitateguru e-secondary-worms ndiwo mahonye ari pasi, ayo anonzi sepakutanga kwemhando dzekutanga.

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pekutanga uye wechipiri?

Mukuwedzera pakuumbwa kwemukova wokuzarura unomirirwa nemuromo, yechipiri-nguva uye yekutanga-mhuka dzakasiyana nemamwe maitiro:

1. Kune dzimwe mazai eiyamu: mune yekutanga iyo inonzi radial, inotungamirirwa nemhepo, uye mune yechipiri-kuruka (isiri yunifomu).
2. Nzira dzekuisa coelom (cavity): mukukura kwekutanga, kukura kwemasvingo edzimba dzechipiri kunotanga nekuparadzanisa masero, asi munguva yechipiri iyo yakaumbwa kubva ku protuberances yematumbo emakumbo embryo.
3. Izvozvo zvinotevera zvinokonzera uropi: mune chekutanga - zvinokura kusvika kune vanhu vakuru, uye muchipiri - inoderera uye inowanikwa munzvimbo itsva.

Nokudaro, yechipiri-nguva iyo inonziwo chepiri-cerebral zvinhu.

Masayendisiti anotenda kuti mhuka yechipiri-yekutanga uye yekutanga yekupedzisira ine imwe nhoroondo yemadzitateguru, inogara muGungwa reEdicar makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 500 apfuura. Nzvimbo yezvisikwa ndiyo yaiva mugungwa, iyo yaifamba nayo, yakashanda ne cilia, yakave yakagadzika pamimba, uye yakadyarwa nenzira yezvibato, izvo zvakatora zvokudya. Zvichida gare gare chikamu chikamu chemuviri chakaparadzaniswa uye madzitateguru echikwata chechipiri akashandisa iyo kudhonza kwenguva muvhu rakasara.

Chikamu uye kunyanya mhuka zvakafanana mukugadzirwa nekugadzirisa. Asi ivo vanewo zvakasiyana-siyana, kuitira kuti vateveri vavo vakasiyana.