Chii chinonzi electron inosanganisira? Misa uye mutero we electron

Electron ibasa guru, rimwe raiyo masangano edziro. Nokuenzanisa ndeye fermion (a particle nehafu-integer spin, inonzi zita refizikiki E. Fermi) uye lepton (particles ine hafu-integer spin iyo isingabatanidzi mukubatana kwakasimba, chimwe chezvinhu zvina zviri mufizikiki). Baryon nhamba ye electron inokwana zero, pamwe chete nedzimwe lepton.

Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakatendwa kuti electron isiri yekutanga, kureva, inoratidzika, isina chimiro, asi masayendisiti iye zvino maonero akasiyana. Chii chinonzi electron inoshandiswa maererano nemafungiro emazuva ano masayenzi?

Nhoroondo Yenyaya

Kunyange muGirisi yekare, masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti mazamu, akambodzwa, akachera zviduku zvishoma, izvozvi, zvinoratidza magetsi emagetsi. Zita razvo rakagamuchirwa ne electron kubva muchiGiriki ἤλεκτρον, zvinoreva "amber". Izwi racho rakataurwa naJ. J. Stoney muna 1894, kunyange zvazvo chidimbu chaicho chakawanikwa naJ. J. muna 1897. Kucherechedza kwaive kwakaoma, chikonzero chechi ichi chidiki mashoma, uye mutero we electron waiva mukuziva kwekuwana chirevo. Mifananidzo yekutanga yechinyorwa yakawanikwa naCharles Wilson vachishandisa kamera chaiyo, iyo inoshandiswa kunyange mune zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano uye yakatumidzwa mukukudzwa kwake.

Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti chimwe chezvaidiwa kuti kuwanikwa kwe electron ishoko raBenjamin Franklin. Muna 1749, akava nemafungiro ekuti magetsi ibasa. Zvaive mumabasa ake kuti mazwi akadaro seanoona zvakanaka uye asina kunaka, a capacitor, kubudiswa, bhatiri uye chechina chegesi zvakatanga kushandiswa. Izvo zvakasarudzwa zve electron zvinonzi hazvina kunaka, uye proton inofungidzirwa kuva yakanaka.

Kuwanikwa kwe electron

Muna 1846 pfungwa ye "atomu yemagetsi" yakatanga kushandiswa mumabasa ake nemufizikiki wechiGermany Wilhelm Weber. Michael Faraday akawana izwi rokuti "Ion", iro zvino, zvichida, vachiri kuziva kubva kubhendi rechikoro. Masayendisiti akawanda akakwirira, akadai semudzidzisi weGermany uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Julius Plukker, Jean Perren, nyanzvi yezvinyorwa zveChirungu William Crookes, Ernst Rutherford nevamwe vanobatanidzwa mumagetsi.

Nokudaro, pamberi paJoseph Thompson mushure mokubudirira kupedza chiitiko chake chakakurumbira ndokuratidza kuvapo kwechidimbu chiduku kudarika atomu, masayendisiti akawanda akashanda munharaunda iyi, uye kuwanikwa kwaisazobvira, dai vasina kuita basa guru iri.

Muna 1906, Joseph Thompson akagamuchira Nobel Prize. Kuedza kwakange kwakaita seizvi: kuburikidza nemidziyo yesimbi yakafanana inovaka magetsi, maitiro emagetsi akaiswa. Ipapo vaifanira kuita nenzira imwecheteyo, asi ikozvino kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemakumbo akaumba magnetic field. Thompson akawana kuti mahara akadzivirirwa pasi pekuita kwesimba remagetsi, uye zvakafanana zvakaonekwa ne magnetic action, asi cathode ray mihizha haina kuchinja tsvina kana ichingobatwa nemimwe minda mune zvimwe zviitiko, izvo zvairemekedzwa nekukurumidza kwezvikamu.

Mushure mekuverenga, Thompson akaziva kuti kutengesa kwezvikamu izvi kwaive zvakaderera kudarika kukurumidza kwechiedza, izvo zvaireva kuti vaiva nehukuru. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, vana physicist vakauya vachidavira kuti mavara akazaruka ezvinyorwa ari chikamu cheatomu, iyo yakazosimbiswa naRutherford 's experiment. Akaritumidza iyo "mapuraneti muenzaniso weatomu."

Zvinyorwa zveWorum World

Mubvunzo wekuti electron inosanganiswa yakaoma zvakadini, kunyanya panguva iyi yekusimudzirwa kwesayenzi. Usati watarisisa, mumwe munhu anofanira kutendeukira kune chimwe chezvinyorwa zvemafiyumu, izvo kunyange masayendisiti pachavo asingagoni kutsanangura. Ichi ndicho chiziviso chinozivikanwa nematanda maviri, kutsanangura maitiro maviri e electron.

Chinokosha chayo chiri muchokwadi chokuti "pfuti" isati yave ichiputika, chigadziro chine mitsetse yakaita mutsara chakaiswa. Pasi payo kune rusvingo kune nzira dzinobva kune hits dzichaonekwa. Saka kutanga tinoda kunzwisisa kuti nyaya inofambisa sei. Nzira yakareruka yekufungidzira kuti tennis mabhora anotangwa sei nemichina. Mimwe yemabhola inowira mumumvuri, uye mitsara yekurova pamadziro inowanikwa kune rimwe rakatarisa. Kana pane imwe nzvimbo kuti uwedzere imwe imwe yenhomwe imwe chete, maratidziro acho achagadzira, mazviri, mapoka maviri.

Makungu mumamiriro ezvinhu aya anoita zvakasiyana. Kana pane zviratidzo zvekupesana nemhepo inoshandiswa pamadziro, ipapo mune imwe yegomba, ruvara ruchavawo rumwe. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose zvinoshandiswa munyaya yezvidimbu zviviri. Mhepo, ichipfuura nemumakomba, inoparadzaniswa nehafu. Kana kumusoro kweimwe yemafungu kunosangana nechezasi kweimwe, vanodzima, uye purogiramu inopindira inowanikwa pamadziro (mapoka akasiyana-siyana). Nzvimbo dziri kumativi ose emafungu achasiya nzira, asi hapana nzvimbo dzaive nekudzimirwa.

Zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa

Nekubatsira kwekuedza kunotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, masayendisiti anogona kuratidzira kuratidza kunyika kuti musiyano uri pakati peyero uye classic physics. Apo pavakatanga kuputira rusvingo nemasikironi, yakaratidza chimiro chemavara chaiwo: zvimwe zvikamu, sezvakaita tennis mipira, yakawira muhara, uye vamwe havana. Asi zvinhu zvose zvakachinja apo chikamu chechipiri chakaonekwa. Kakavhiringidza kwakaonekwa pamadziro! Pakutanga, vafizikiki vakasarudza kuti magetsi acho anopindirana, uye akasarudza kuvabvisa kamwe chete panguva. Zvisinei, mushure memaawa mashomanana (kasi yekutama magetsi inoramba ichidzika kuderera kupfuura kukurumidza kwechiedza), purogiramu yekupindira yakaonekwa zvakare.

Kutendeuka kusingatarisirwi

I electron, pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu, zvakadai semaphotons, inoratidza kuratidzira-kugadzirwa kwehuwandu (izwi rokuti "quantum-wave dealism" rinoshandiswawo). Kufanana nekaScrodinger cat, iyo yose iri mhenyu uye yakafa, mamiriro e electron inogona kunge yakawirirana uye yakajeka.

Zvisinei, nhanho inotevera mukuedza uku yakapa kuwedzera kune zvimwe zvakavanzika: chimwe chinhu chakakosha, icho munhu wose akaita seaiziva, akapa chishamiso chinoshamisa. Physicists vakasarudza kuisa pamapurisa imwe chipimo chekucherechedza kuti vagadzire, kuburikidza nekukanda zvinyorwa zvipfuura, uye kuti vanozviratidza sei segungu. Asi nguva pfupi yekucherechedza kwaiiswa, mapoka maviri chete akaonekwa pamadziro, akaenzana nemakomba maviri, uye hapana purogiramu inopindira! Pakarepo apo "mumvuri" wakabviswa, tsanga yakatanga zvakare kuratidza maitiro emhepo, sokunge yaiziva kuti hakuna munhu akanga achiiona.

Imwe nyanzvi

Nyanzvi yefizinesi Bourne yakaratidza kuti chidimbu hachive mhepo inofananidzira izwi. Iko electron "ine" inogona kunge yakangoerekana yakajeka, iyo inopa nzira yekupindira. Izvi zvikamu zvine pfuma yepamusoro, kureva kuti, inogona kuva munzvimbo ipi neipi imwe nguva, kuitira kuti inogona kuendeswa "yakafanana".

Kunyange zvakadaro, mugumisiro wacho wakajeka: kuvepo kweiye anotarisa kunobata chikonzero chekuedza. Zvinoratidzika hazvishamisi, asi uyu hausi muenzaniso wega werudzi urwu. Physicists zvakare vakaita zvidzidzo pane zvikamu zvakakura zvebasa, kana chinhu chacho chakanga chiri chikamu chiduku chealuminium foil. Masayendisiti akataura kuti chokwadi chekuti zvimwe zviyero zvakakonzera kutonhora kwechinhu chimwe chete. Chimiro chezvinhu zvakadaro, hachigone kutsanangura.

Maitiro

Asi iyo electron inobatanidza chii? Panguva ino, sayenzi yemazuva ano haigoni kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakaonekwa sechinhu chisingaoneki chinonyanya kukosha, ikozvino masayendisiti anofungidzirwa kukuti iyo inosanganisira kunyange zviduku zviduku.

Iko electroniro mhosva yakatarwa yakaonekwawo sepakutanga, asi quarks ine chikamu chiduku chakati ikozvino yakazaruka. Pano pane zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana maererano nezvakaitwa ne electron.

Nhasi unoona zvinyorwa umo zvataurwa kuti masayendisiti akakwanisa kuparadzanisa electron. Zvisinei, izvi zvinongova zvechokwadi.

New Experiments

Soviet masayendisiti akatova mumakore makumi masere ezana remakore ekupedzisira akataura kuti electron inogona kugoverwa kuva matatu cheasiparticles. Muna 1996, zvaikwanisika kuzviparadzanisa kuva spinon uye holon, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura nyanzvi yefizinesi Van den Brink uye boka rake rakave nechikamu chakakamurwa kuva spinon uye orbiton. Zvisinei, kuparadzanisa kunogona kuwanikwa chete pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Iko kuedza kunogona kuitwa pamhepo yakadzika.

Apo ma electrons "anononoka pasi" kusvika pazero zero, uye izvi zvinenge -275 degrees Celsius, ivo vanomira uye vanoita mhando yemhando pakati pavo, sekubatanidza mune imwe nhengo. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, physicists vanogona kuchengeta zvimasiparticles, izvo electron "inosanganisira".

Information carrier

Rawusi ye electron yakanyanya zvikuru, iyo 2.81794 ^. 10 ^-13 cm, asi zvinosvika kuti zvikamu zvaro zvidiki zvikuru. Chimwe chezvikamu zvitatu, izvo zvaikwanisa "kugovana" electron, inotakura mashoko pamusoro payo. Orbiton, sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, rine data pamusoro pehupenyu hwomukati wechipfu. Spinon ndiyo inokonzera kutsva kwe electron, uye holon inotitaurira pamusoro pemhosva. Nokudaro, physicists vanogona kutarisa zvakasiyana-siyana nyika dzakasiyana dze electrons mune chinhu chakanyatsopisa. Vakakwanisa kutarisa mapeji e "holon-spinon" uye "spinon-orbiton", asi kwete avo vatatu pamwe chete.

New technologies

Physicists vakawana kuti electron yaifanira kumirira makore gumi nemaviri kusvikira kuwanikwa kwavo kwaishandiswa mukuita. Munguva yedu, teknolojia inoshandiswa mumakore mashomanana, ingoyeuka graphene - chinhu chinoshamisa, chine maatomu ekakoni mune rimwe rakatsetseka. Chii chichave chakakosha pakuparadzaniswa kwe electron? Masayendisiti anofanotaura kuumbwa kwekombiyuta yakawanda, iyo inokurumidza, mumaonero avo, yakawanda kanomwe pane imwe huru kupfuura iyo yemakombiyuta emazuva ano ane simba.

Chii chakavanzika chekombiyuta yekombiyuta? Izvi zvinogona kunzi kushanda zvakanaka. Mumakombiyuta akajairika, chinhu chiduku, chisingaratidziki chemashoko ndezvishoma. Uye kana tikafunga nezve data sechinhu chinoonekwa, saka pane zvingasarudzwa zviviri zvemashini. Zvishoma zvinogona kunge zvine zero kana imwe, iyo ndiyo, chikamu chebhinary code.

New method

Iye zvino ngatimbofungidzira kuti bitino rine zero, uye chikwata "chiwandu", kana "cuebit." Basa rezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zviri nyore zvichaberekwa ne electron spin (inogona kutenderera mberi kana kuvhara maawa). Kusiyana nechinhu chiduku, cuebit inogona kuita mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete, izvi zvichaita kuti kuwedzerwa kwekukurumidza kwebasa, shoma shoma uye mutero we electron hazvikoshi pano.

Iwe unogona kutsanangura izvi nemuenzaniso we labyrinth. Kuti ubudise mairi, unofanidza kuedza zvakasiyana-siyana zvingasarudzwa, kubva kune imwe chete ichave yakarurama. Kakombiyuta yemagariro inokwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko nokukurumidza, asi panguva ipi zvayo inogona kushanda pane imwe chete dambudziko. Achaenda mumwe nemumwe zvese zvakasiyana-siyana dzemakwara, uye pakupedzisira achawana. Nyanzvi yemakombiyuta, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvakanyorwa, inokwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji panguva imwe chete. Achafungisisa zvose zvingaita, zvisati zvadaro, asi pane imwe pfungwa panguva, uye achagadzirisawo dambudziko racho. Dambudziko riri kure ikozvino kungomanikidza zvakawanda zve quanta kushanda pane rimwe basa - ichi chichava chikonzero chekombiyuta yezera idzva.

Kushanda

Vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa kombiyuta kumba. Nezvi, apo maCC anokwanawo ari kuita zvakanaka, zvisinei, kufanotaura zviitiko zvinoenderana nezviuru, uye zvichida mazana ezviuru zvezvimwe zvinoshandiswa, mhepo inofanira kuva yakakura zvikuru. Makombiyuta akawanda anogona nyore kutarisana nezvinhu zvakadai sokufungidzira mamiriro okunze kwemwedzi, kushandura dhenda pamusoro penjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye kufanotaura, uye kuitawo zvakaoma mashematical kuverenga nezvipembenene zvakawanda mumutsara wechipiri, zvose zvine protosi yeatomu akawanda. Saka zvichida, nokukurumidza zvikuru makombiyuta edu ane simba achave akaoma nepepa.

Kuchengetedza utano

Inyanzvi yekombiyuta yekombiyuta inobatsira zvikuru kumishonga. Vanhu vachave nemukana wekugadzira nanomechanisms neine simba rakasimba kwazvo, nerubatsiro rwavo ruchakwanisika kwete kungoongorora zvirwere nekungoona muviri wose kubva mukati, asiwo kupa rubatsiro rwezvehutano pasina kupindira kwekuvhiya: mabhoti maduku kwazvo ane "ubongo" hwekombiyuta yakanaka kwazvo achakwanisa kuita zvose zvese.

Ichinoshanduka mumativi emitambo yemakombiyuta hachidziviriki. Mishonga ine simba inokwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko pakarepo ichakwanisa kutamba mitambo nemaikironi anonyatsooneka, kwete kure kare ikopi yemakombiyuta ine kubhabhatidzwa zvakakwana.